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Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br> Bonne apprentissage.</div>', 'content_html' => '<p><audio id="birika"> <source src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="duli"> <source src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="cai"> <source src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dhahabu"> <source src="../../../../audio/dhahabu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="djini"> <source src="../../../../audio/djini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndraru"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndraru.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dzitso"> <source src="../../../../audio/dzitso.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="maghrib"> <source src="../../../../audio/maghrib.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="nyama"> <source src="../../../../audio/nyama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="shiyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/shiyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mapvaha"> <source src="../../../../audio/mapvaha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="thalathini"> <source src="../../../../audio/thalathini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="trama"> <source src="../../../../audio/trama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsano"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsano.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbe"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbe.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mpira"> <source src="../../../../audio/mpira.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndovu"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndovu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndjema"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndjema.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndzia"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndzia.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ngazidja"> <source src="../../../../audio/ngazidja.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsohole"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsohole.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="bondzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/bondzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dinyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/dinyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbeli"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbeli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mlango"> <source src="../../../../audio/mlango.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Farantsa"> <source src="../../../../audio/Farantsa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Ndzuani"> <source src="../../../../audio/Ndzuani.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="fundi"> <source src="../../../../audio/fundi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Dzaudzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/Dzaudzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="karibu"> <source src="../../../../audio/karibu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mfaume"> <source src="../../../../audio/mfaume.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="âkili"> <source src="../../../../audio/âkili.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="hari"> <source src="../../../../audio/hari.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="raha"> <source src="../../../../audio/raha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="masiwa"> <source src="../../../../audio/masiwa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio></p> <div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><strong>Les règles de lecture</strong></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomori. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; 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Pluriel <br /> <span style="color: gray;">✧</span> shiMaore <em>(mahorais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #ffcc00;">✽</span> shiMwali <em>(mohélien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: red;">▲</span> shiNdzuani <em>(anjouanais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #3a6496;">◼</span> shiNgazidja <em>(grd-comorien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: green;">●</span> standard <em>(uniforme)</em><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffc2c2;"> Formes verbales </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffb060;"> Context </span> <span style="background-color: #ffea00;"> Définition </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0ffc0;"> Exemples en comorien </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0e2ff;"> Exemple traduit en français </span><br /> Traduction en français </div>', 'content_html_fr' => null, 'text_shimaore' => null, 'text_shimwali' => null, 'text_shindzuani' => null, 'text_shingazidja' => null, 'thumbnail' => 'Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg', 'media_source' => '', 'audio_source' => '', 'audio_source_shimaore' => null, 'audio_source_shimwali' => null, 'audio_source_shindzuani' => null, 'audio_source_shingazidja' => null, 'video_source' => 'Les lettres simples.mp4;Les digraphies.mp4', 'purchase_link' => '', 'publishing_house' => 'ORELC', 'authorization' => 'Public', 'is_shingazidja' => false, 'is_shindzuani' => false, 'is_shimaore' => false, 'is_shimwali' => false, 'is_standard' => true, 'verified' => false, 'active' => false, 'is_conversation' => true, 'licensed' => false, 'closed' => false, 'exercises_to_validate' => '26;27;30;63', 'exercises_to_memorize' => null, 'required_exercises' => '', 'creator_id' => '36', 'editor_id' => '36', 'date_created' => '2014-07-30 20:28:25', 'date_updated' => '2022-01-13 12:48:43', 'date_published' => '2020-10-28 13:31:53', 'date_day_article' => '2020-04-05 00:01:03' ) ), 'type' => 'base', 'moduleType' => 'Les fondamentaux', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'countModifiedLessonsSpeaking' => '9', 'countModifiedLessonsGrammar' => '0', 'countModifiedLessonsBase' => '1', 'previousExerciceOk' => false, 'comments' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'Comment' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'learningDialect' => 'shimaore', 'haveDictionaryLicense' => false, 'haveGrammarLicense' => false, 'haveSpeakingLicense' => false, 'isAdministrator' => false, 'expendedHeader' => null, 'isiPAD' => false, 'isDesktop' => true, 'loggedIn' => null ) $authorizedEdition = null $authorizedConference = false $authorizedAccess = true $lesson = array( 'FrenchLesson' => array( 'id' => '4', 'version' => '2', 'module' => 'orthography', 'group' => '', 'type' => 'base', 'state' => '', 'rank' => '110', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'title' => 'Les règles de lecture', 'author_name' => '', 'dialect' => 'shiKomori', 'description' => 'Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le dictionnaire ou à l'édition d'article.', 'content' => '', 'preview' => '<div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><b>Les règles de lecture</b></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomor. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br> Bonne apprentissage.</div>', 'content_html' => '<p><audio id="birika"> <source src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="duli"> <source src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="cai"> <source src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dhahabu"> <source src="../../../../audio/dhahabu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="djini"> <source src="../../../../audio/djini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndraru"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndraru.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dzitso"> <source src="../../../../audio/dzitso.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="maghrib"> <source src="../../../../audio/maghrib.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="nyama"> <source src="../../../../audio/nyama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="shiyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/shiyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mapvaha"> <source src="../../../../audio/mapvaha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="thalathini"> <source src="../../../../audio/thalathini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="trama"> <source src="../../../../audio/trama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsano"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsano.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbe"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbe.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mpira"> <source src="../../../../audio/mpira.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndovu"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndovu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndjema"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndjema.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndzia"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndzia.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ngazidja"> <source src="../../../../audio/ngazidja.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsohole"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsohole.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="bondzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/bondzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dinyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/dinyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbeli"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbeli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mlango"> <source src="../../../../audio/mlango.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Farantsa"> <source src="../../../../audio/Farantsa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Ndzuani"> <source src="../../../../audio/Ndzuani.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="fundi"> <source src="../../../../audio/fundi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Dzaudzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/Dzaudzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="karibu"> <source src="../../../../audio/karibu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mfaume"> <source src="../../../../audio/mfaume.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="âkili"> <source src="../../../../audio/âkili.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="hari"> <source src="../../../../audio/hari.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="raha"> <source src="../../../../audio/raha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="masiwa"> <source src="../../../../audio/masiwa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio></p> <div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><strong>Les règles de lecture</strong></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomori. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. Pluriel <br /> <span style="color: gray;">✧</span> shiMaore <em>(mahorais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #ffcc00;">✽</span> shiMwali <em>(mohélien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: red;">▲</span> shiNdzuani <em>(anjouanais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #3a6496;">◼</span> shiNgazidja <em>(grd-comorien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: green;">●</span> standard <em>(uniforme)</em><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffc2c2;"> Formes verbales </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffb060;"> Context </span> <span style="background-color: #ffea00;"> Définition </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0ffc0;"> Exemples en comorien </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0e2ff;"> Exemple traduit en français </span><br /> Traduction en français </div>', 'content_html_fr' => null, 'text_shimaore' => null, 'text_shimwali' => null, 'text_shindzuani' => null, 'text_shingazidja' => null, 'thumbnail' => 'Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg', 'media_source' => '', 'audio_source' => '', 'audio_source_shimaore' => null, 'audio_source_shimwali' => null, 'audio_source_shindzuani' => null, 'audio_source_shingazidja' => null, 'video_source' => 'Les lettres simples.mp4;Les digraphies.mp4', 'purchase_link' => '', 'publishing_house' => 'ORELC', 'authorization' => 'Public', 'is_shingazidja' => false, 'is_shindzuani' => false, 'is_shimaore' => false, 'is_shimwali' => false, 'is_standard' => true, 'verified' => false, 'active' => false, 'is_conversation' => true, 'licensed' => false, 'closed' => false, 'exercises_to_validate' => '26;27;30;63', 'exercises_to_memorize' => null, 'required_exercises' => '', 'creator_id' => '36', 'editor_id' => '36', 'date_created' => '2014-07-30 20:28:25', 'date_updated' => '2022-01-13 12:48:43', 'date_published' => '2020-10-28 13:31:53', 'date_day_article' => '2020-04-05 00:01:03' ) ) $type = 'base' $moduleType = 'Les fondamentaux' $chapter = 'Orthographe' $countModifiedLessonsSpeaking = '9' $countModifiedLessonsGrammar = '0' $countModifiedLessonsBase = '1' $previousExerciceOk = false $comments = array( (int) 0 => array( 'Comment' => array( 'id' => '335', 'message' => 'Bonjour, est il possible d’avoir un exemplaire de ce décret du 12 décembre 2009 ? 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Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. 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<h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 678 => 'align="center"', (int) 679 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 680 => 'align="center"', (int) 681 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 682 => 'align="center"', (int) 683 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se', (int) 684 => 'prononce', (int) 685 => 'comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 686 => 'align="center">B,', (int) 687 => 'b</td> <td', (int) 688 => 'align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi', (int) 689 => '<em>(fil)</em>', (int) 690 => '<span', (int) 691 => 'id="bondziPlayer"', (int) 692 => 'class="fa', (int) 693 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 694 => 'style="color:', (int) 695 => '#3a6496;', (int) 696 => 'float:', (int) 697 => 'right;', (int) 698 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 699 => 'middle;">', (int) 700 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 701 => 'B', (int) 702 => 'explosif', (int) 703 => '(en', (int) 704 => 'expirant', (int) 705 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 706 => 'align="center">D,', (int) 707 => 'd</td> <td', (int) 708 => 'align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo', (int) 709 => '<em>(dent)</em>', (int) 710 => '<span', (int) 711 => 'id="dinyoPlayer"', (int) 712 => 'class="fa', (int) 713 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 714 => 'style="color:', (int) 715 => '#3a6496;', (int) 716 => 'float:', (int) 717 => 'right;', (int) 718 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 719 => 'middle;">', (int) 720 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 721 => 'D', (int) 722 => 'explosif', (int) 723 => '(en', (int) 724 => 'expirant', (int) 725 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 726 => 'align="center">Ɓ,', (int) 727 => 'ɓ</td> <td', (int) 728 => 'align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika', (int) 729 => '<em>(théière)</em>', (int) 730 => '<span', (int) 731 => 'id="birikaPlayer"', (int) 732 => 'class="fa', (int) 733 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 734 => 'style="color:', (int) 735 => '#3a6496;', (int) 736 => 'float:', (int) 737 => 'right;', (int) 738 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 739 => 'middle;">', (int) 740 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 741 => 'B', (int) 742 => 'implosif', (int) 743 => '(en', (int) 744 => 'inspirant', (int) 745 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 746 => 'align="center">Ɗ,', (int) 747 => 'ɗ</td> <td', (int) 748 => 'align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli', (int) 749 => '<em>(gencive)</em>', (int) 750 => '<span', (int) 751 => 'id="duliPlayer"', (int) 752 => 'class="fa', (int) 753 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 754 => 'style="color:', (int) 755 => '#3a6496;', (int) 756 => 'float:', (int) 757 => 'right;', (int) 758 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 759 => 'middle;">', (int) 760 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 761 => 'D', (int) 762 => 'implosif', (int) 763 => '(en', (int) 764 => 'inspirant', (int) 765 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 766 => 'align="center">C,', (int) 767 => 'c</td> <td', (int) 768 => 'align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai', (int) 769 => '<em>(thé)</em>', (int) 770 => '<span', (int) 771 => 'id="caiPlayer"', (int) 772 => 'class="fa', (int) 773 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 774 => 'style="color:', (int) 775 => '#3a6496;', (int) 776 => 'float:', (int) 777 => 'right;', (int) 778 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 779 => 'middle;">', (int) 780 => '</span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 781 => 'colspan="5"', (int) 782 => 'align="center"', (int) 783 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les', (int) 784 => 'Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 785 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 786 => 'style="color:', (int) 787 => 'black;', (int) 788 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 789 => 'none;">Dh,', (int) 790 => 'dh</a></td> <td', (int) 791 => 'align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu', (int) 792 => '<em>(or)</em>', (int) 793 => '<span', (int) 794 => 'id="dhahabuPlayer"', (int) 795 => 'class="fa', (int) 796 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 797 => 'style="color:', (int) 798 => '#3a6496;', (int) 799 => 'float:', (int) 800 => 'right;', (int) 801 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 802 => 'middle;">', (int) 803 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 804 => 'anglais', (int) 805 => ':', (int) 806 => 'this</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 807 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 808 => 'style="color:', (int) 809 => 'black;', (int) 810 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 811 => 'none;">Dj,', (int) 812 => 'dj</a></td> <td', (int) 813 => 'align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini', (int) 814 => '<em>(djinn)</em>', (int) 815 => '<span', (int) 816 => 'id="djiniPlayer"', (int) 817 => 'class="fa', (int) 818 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 819 => 'style="color:', (int) 820 => '#3a6496;', (int) 821 => 'float:', (int) 822 => 'right;', (int) 823 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 824 => 'middle;">', (int) 825 => '</span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 826 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 827 => 'style="color:', (int) 828 => 'black;', (int) 829 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 830 => 'none;">Dr,', (int) 831 => 'dr</a></td> <td', (int) 832 => 'align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru', (int) 833 => '<em>(trois)</em>', (int) 834 => '<span', (int) 835 => 'id="ndraruPlayer"', (int) 836 => 'class="fa', (int) 837 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 838 => 'style="color:', (int) 839 => '#3a6496;', (int) 840 => 'float:', (int) 841 => 'right;', (int) 842 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 843 => 'middle;">', (int) 844 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 845 => 'anglais', (int) 846 => ':', (int) 847 => 'dream,', (int) 848 => 'r', (int) 849 => 'très', (int) 850 => 'faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 851 => 'align="center">Dz,', (int) 852 => 'dz</td> <td', (int) 853 => 'align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso', (int) 854 => '<em>(œil)</em>', (int) 855 => '<span', (int) 856 => 'id="dzitsoPlayer"', (int) 857 => 'class="fa', (int) 858 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 859 => 'style="color:', (int) 860 => '#3a6496;', (int) 861 => 'float:', (int) 862 => 'right;', (int) 863 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 864 => 'middle;">', (int) 865 => '</span></td> <td>Dzaudzi', (int) 866 => '<span', (int) 867 => 'id="DzaudziPlayer"', (int) 868 => 'class="fa', (int) 869 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 870 => 'style="color:', (int) 871 => '#3a6496;', (int) 872 => 'float:', (int) 873 => 'right;', (int) 874 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 875 => 'middle;">', (int) 876 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 877 => 'align="center">Gh,', (int) 878 => 'gh</td> <td', (int) 879 => 'align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib', (int) 880 => '<em>(prière', (int) 881 => 'du', (int) 882 => 'coucher', (int) 883 => 'du', (int) 884 => 'soleil)</em>', (int) 885 => '<span', (int) 886 => 'id="maghribPlayer"', (int) 887 => 'class="fa', (int) 888 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 889 => 'style="color:', (int) 890 => '#3a6496;', (int) 891 => 'float:', (int) 892 => 'right;', (int) 893 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 894 => 'middle;">', (int) 895 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 896 => 'français', (int) 897 => ':', (int) 898 => 'rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 899 => 'align="center">Ny,', (int) 900 => 'ny</td> <td', (int) 901 => 'align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama', (int) 902 => '<em>(viande)</em>', (int) 903 => '<span', (int) 904 => 'id="nyamaPlayer"', (int) 905 => 'class="fa', (int) 906 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 907 => 'style="color:', (int) 908 => '#3a6496;', (int) 909 => 'float:', (int) 910 => 'right;', (int) 911 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 912 => 'middle;">', (int) 913 => '</span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 914 => 'align="center">Sh,', (int) 915 => 'sh</td> <td', (int) 916 => 'align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo', (int) 917 => '<em>(livre)</em>', (int) 918 => '<span', (int) 919 => 'id="shiyoPlayer"', (int) 920 => 'class="fa', (int) 921 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 922 => 'style="color:', (int) 923 => '#3a6496;', (int) 924 => 'float:', (int) 925 => 'right;', (int) 926 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 927 => 'middle;">', (int) 928 => '</span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 929 => 'align="center">Pv,', (int) 930 => 'pv</td> <td', (int) 931 => 'align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha', (int) 932 => '<em>(des', (int) 933 => 'chats)</em>', (int) 934 => '<span', (int) 935 => 'id="mapvahaPlayer"', (int) 936 => 'class="fa', (int) 937 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 938 => 'style="color:', (int) 939 => '#3a6496;', (int) 940 => 'float:', (int) 941 => 'right;', (int) 942 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 943 => 'middle;">', (int) 944 => '</span></td> <td>entre', (int) 945 => '"v"', (int) 946 => 'et', (int) 947 => '"b",', (int) 948 => 'en', (int) 949 => 'espagnol', (int) 950 => ':', (int) 951 => 'saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 952 => 'align="center">Th,', (int) 953 => 'th</td> <td', (int) 954 => 'align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini', (int) 955 => '<em>(trente)</em>', (int) 956 => '<span', (int) 957 => 'id="thalathiniPlayer"', (int) 958 => 'class="fa', (int) 959 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 960 => 'style="color:', (int) 961 => '#3a6496;', (int) 962 => 'float:', (int) 963 => 'right;', (int) 964 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 965 => 'middle;">', (int) 966 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 967 => 'anglais', (int) 968 => ':', (int) 969 => 'thank', (int) 970 => 'you</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 971 => 'align="center">Tr,', (int) 972 => 'tr</td> <td', (int) 973 => 'align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama', (int) 974 => '<em>(maïs)</em>', (int) 975 => '<span', (int) 976 => 'id="tramaPlayer"', (int) 977 => 'class="fa', (int) 978 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 979 => 'style="color:', (int) 980 => '#3a6496;', (int) 981 => 'float:', (int) 982 => 'right;', (int) 983 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 984 => 'middle;">', (int) 985 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 986 => 'anglais', (int) 987 => ':', (int) 988 => 'tree,', (int) 989 => 'r', (int) 990 => 'très', (int) 991 => 'faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 992 => 'align="center">Ts,', (int) 993 => 'ts</td> <td', (int) 994 => 'align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano', (int) 995 => '<em>(cinq)</em>', (int) 996 => '<span', (int) 997 => 'id="ntsanoPlayer"', (int) 998 => 'class="fa', (int) 999 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1000 => 'style="color:', (int) 1001 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1002 => 'float:', (int) 1003 => 'right;', (int) 1004 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1005 => 'middle;">', (int) 1006 => '</span></td> <td>mouche', (int) 1007 => 'tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1008 => 'colspan="5"', (int) 1009 => 'align="center"', (int) 1010 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les', (int) 1011 => 'consonnes', (int) 1012 => 'pré-nasalisées', (int) 1013 => '(bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1014 => 'align="center">Mɓ,', (int) 1015 => 'Mb</td> <td', (int) 1016 => 'align="center">[m~ɓ]', (int) 1017 => ',', (int) 1018 => '[mb]</td> <td>mɓe', (int) 1019 => '<em>(vache)</em>', (int) 1020 => '<span', (int) 1021 => 'id="mbePlayer"', (int) 1022 => 'class="fa', (int) 1023 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1024 => 'style="color:', (int) 1025 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1026 => 'float:', (int) 1027 => 'right;', (int) 1028 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1029 => 'middle;">', (int) 1030 => '</span></td> <td>mbeli', (int) 1031 => '<em>(devant)</em>', (int) 1032 => '<span', (int) 1033 => 'id="mbeliPlayer"', (int) 1034 => 'class="fa', (int) 1035 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1036 => 'style="color:', (int) 1037 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1038 => 'float:', (int) 1039 => 'right;', (int) 1040 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1041 => 'middle;">', (int) 1042 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1043 => 'align="center">Mp,', (int) 1044 => 'mp</td> <td', (int) 1045 => 'align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira', (int) 1046 => '<em>(ballon)</em>', (int) 1047 => '<span', (int) 1048 => 'id="mpiraPlayer"', (int) 1049 => 'class="fa', (int) 1050 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1051 => 'style="color:', (int) 1052 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1053 => 'float:', (int) 1054 => 'right;', (int) 1055 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1056 => 'middle;">', (int) 1057 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1058 => 'align="center">Nɗ,', (int) 1059 => 'Nd</td> <td', (int) 1060 => 'align="center">[n~ɗ],', (int) 1061 => '[nd]</td> <td>nɗovu', (int) 1062 => '<em>(éléphant)</em>', (int) 1063 => '<span', (int) 1064 => 'id="ndovuPlayer"', (int) 1065 => 'class="fa', (int) 1066 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1067 => 'style="color:', (int) 1068 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1069 => 'float:', (int) 1070 => 'right;', (int) 1071 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1072 => 'middle;">', (int) 1073 => '</span></td> <td>fundi', (int) 1074 => '<em>(maître)</em>', (int) 1075 => '<span', (int) 1076 => 'id="fundiPlayer"', (int) 1077 => 'class="fa', (int) 1078 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1079 => 'style="color:', (int) 1080 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1081 => 'float:', (int) 1082 => 'right;', (int) 1083 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1084 => 'middle;">', (int) 1085 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1086 => 'align="center">Ndj,', (int) 1087 => 'ndj</td> <td', (int) 1088 => 'align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema', (int) 1089 => '<em>(bien)</em>', (int) 1090 => '<span', (int) 1091 => 'id="ndjemaPlayer"', (int) 1092 => 'class="fa', (int) 1093 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1094 => 'style="color:', (int) 1095 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1096 => 'float:', (int) 1097 => 'right;', (int) 1098 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1099 => 'middle;">', (int) 1100 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1101 => 'align="center">Ndz,', (int) 1102 => 'ndz</td> <td', (int) 1103 => 'align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia', (int) 1104 => '<em>(chemin)</em>', (int) 1105 => '<span', (int) 1106 => 'id="ndziaPlayer"', (int) 1107 => 'class="fa', (int) 1108 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1109 => 'style="color:', (int) 1110 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1111 => 'float:', (int) 1112 => 'right;', (int) 1113 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1114 => 'middle;">', (int) 1115 => '</span></td> <td>Ndzuani', (int) 1116 => '<em>(Anjouan)</em>', (int) 1117 => '<span', (int) 1118 => 'id="NdzuaniPlayer"', (int) 1119 => 'class="fa', (int) 1120 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1121 => 'style="color:', (int) 1122 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1123 => 'float:', (int) 1124 => 'right;', (int) 1125 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1126 => 'middle;">', (int) 1127 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1128 => 'align="center">Ng,', (int) 1129 => 'ng</td> <td', (int) 1130 => 'align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja', (int) 1131 => '<em>(Grd-Comore)</em>', (int) 1132 => '<span', (int) 1133 => 'id="ngazidjaPlayer"', (int) 1134 => 'class="fa', (int) 1135 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1136 => 'style="color:', (int) 1137 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1138 => 'float:', (int) 1139 => 'right;', (int) 1140 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1141 => 'middle;">', (int) 1142 => '</span></td> <td>mlango', (int) 1143 => '<em>(porte)</em>', (int) 1144 => '<span', (int) 1145 => 'id="mlangoPlayer"', (int) 1146 => 'class="fa', (int) 1147 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1148 => 'style="color:', (int) 1149 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1150 => 'float:', (int) 1151 => 'right;', (int) 1152 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1153 => 'middle;">', (int) 1154 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1155 => 'align="center">Nts,', (int) 1156 => 'nts</td> <td', (int) 1157 => 'align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole', (int) 1158 => '<em>(grain', (int) 1159 => 'de', (int) 1160 => 'riz)</em>', (int) 1161 => '<span', (int) 1162 => 'id="ntsoholePlayer"', (int) 1163 => 'class="fa', (int) 1164 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1165 => 'style="color:', (int) 1166 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1167 => 'float:', (int) 1168 => 'right;', (int) 1169 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1170 => 'middle;">', (int) 1171 => '</span></td> <td>Farantsa', (int) 1172 => '<em>(France)</em>', (int) 1173 => '<span', (int) 1174 => 'id="FarantsaPlayer"', (int) 1175 => 'class="fa', (int) 1176 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1177 => 'style="color:', (int) 1178 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1179 => 'float:', (int) 1180 => 'right;', (int) 1181 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1182 => 'middle;">', (int) 1183 => '</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div', (int) 1184 => 'class="box"> <h2>Les', (int) 1185 => 'symboles', (int) 1186 => 'du', (int) 1187 => 'comorien</h2> Voici', (int) 1188 => 'les', (int) 1189 => 'principales', (int) 1190 => 'abréviations', (int) 1191 => 'et', (int) 1192 => 'symboles', (int) 1193 => 'utiles', (int) 1194 => ':<br', (int) 1195 => '/>', (int) 1196 => 'Cl.', (int) 1197 => 'classe<br', (int) 1198 => '/>', (int) 1199 => 'Pl.', (int) 1200 => 'Pluriel', (int) 1201 => '<br', (int) 1202 => '/>', (int) 1203 => '<span', (int) 1204 => 'style="color:', (int) 1205 => 'gray;">✧</span>', (int) 1206 => 'shiMaore', (int) 1207 => '<em>(mahorais)</em>', (int) 1208 => '<br', (int) 1209 => '/>', (int) 1210 => '<span', (int) 1211 => 'style="color:', (int) 1212 => '#ffcc00;">✽</span>', (int) 1213 => 'shiMwali', (int) 1214 => '<em>(mohélien)</em>', (int) 1215 => '<br', (int) 1216 => '/>', (int) 1217 => '<span', (int) 1218 => 'style="color:', (int) 1219 => 'red;">▲</span>', (int) 1220 => 'shiNdzuani', (int) 1221 => '<em>(anjouanais)</em>', (int) 1222 => '<br', (int) 1223 => '/>', (int) 1224 => '<span', (int) 1225 => 'style="color:', (int) 1226 => '#3a6496;">◼</span>', (int) 1227 => 'shiNgazidja', (int) 1228 => '<em>(grd-comorien)</em>', (int) 1229 => '<br', (int) 1230 => '/>', (int) 1231 => '<span', (int) 1232 => 'style="color:', (int) 1233 => 'green;">●</span>', (int) 1234 => 'standard', (int) 1235 => '<em>(uniforme)</em><br', (int) 1236 => '/>', (int) 1237 => '<span', (int) 1238 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1239 => '#ffc2c2;"> Formes', (int) 1240 => 'verbales </span><br', (int) 1241 => '/>', (int) 1242 => '<span', (int) 1243 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1244 => '#ffb060;"> Context </span>', (int) 1245 => '<span', (int) 1246 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1247 => '#ffea00;"> Définition </span><br', (int) 1248 => '/>', (int) 1249 => '<span', (int) 1250 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1251 => '#c0ffc0;"> Exemples', (int) 1252 => 'en', (int) 1253 => 'comorien </span><br', (int) 1254 => '/>', (int) 1255 => '<span', (int) 1256 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1257 => '#c0e2ff;"> Exemple', (int) 1258 => 'traduit', (int) 1259 => 'en', (int) 1260 => 'français </span><br', (int) 1261 => '/>', (int) 1262 => 'Traduction', (int) 1263 => 'en', (int) 1264 => 'français </div>' )include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/head_viewer.php, line 106 include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/lesson_viewer.php, line 45 include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/get_lesson.ctp, line 1 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 107
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12" style="padding:0;margin-bottom:20pt;"><div id="row<?=$number?>" class="col-xs-1 col-sm-1 col-md-1 col-lg-1" style="margin:0;text-align:center;border-top-left-radius:5pt;border-bottom-left-radius:5pt;background-color: Gainsboro;">
$viewFile = '/home/nonisesh/www/swadrii/orelc/app/View/FrenchLessons/get_lesson.ctp' $dataForView = array( 'authorizedEdition' => null, 'authorizedConference' => false, 'authorizedAccess' => true, 'lesson' => array( 'FrenchLesson' => array( 'id' => '4', 'version' => '2', 'module' => 'orthography', 'group' => '', 'type' => 'base', 'state' => '', 'rank' => '110', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'title' => 'Les règles de lecture', 'author_name' => '', 'dialect' => 'shiKomori', 'description' => 'Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le dictionnaire ou à l'édition d'article.', 'content' => '', 'preview' => '<div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><b>Les règles de lecture</b></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomor. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br> Bonne apprentissage.</div>', 'content_html' => '<p><audio id="birika"> <source src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="duli"> <source src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="cai"> <source src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dhahabu"> <source src="../../../../audio/dhahabu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="djini"> <source src="../../../../audio/djini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndraru"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndraru.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dzitso"> <source src="../../../../audio/dzitso.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="maghrib"> <source src="../../../../audio/maghrib.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="nyama"> <source src="../../../../audio/nyama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="shiyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/shiyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mapvaha"> <source src="../../../../audio/mapvaha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="thalathini"> <source src="../../../../audio/thalathini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="trama"> <source src="../../../../audio/trama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsano"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsano.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbe"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbe.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mpira"> <source src="../../../../audio/mpira.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndovu"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndovu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndjema"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndjema.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndzia"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndzia.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ngazidja"> <source src="../../../../audio/ngazidja.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsohole"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsohole.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="bondzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/bondzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dinyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/dinyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbeli"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbeli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mlango"> <source src="../../../../audio/mlango.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Farantsa"> <source src="../../../../audio/Farantsa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Ndzuani"> <source src="../../../../audio/Ndzuani.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="fundi"> <source src="../../../../audio/fundi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Dzaudzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/Dzaudzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="karibu"> <source src="../../../../audio/karibu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mfaume"> <source src="../../../../audio/mfaume.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="âkili"> <source src="../../../../audio/âkili.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="hari"> <source src="../../../../audio/hari.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="raha"> <source src="../../../../audio/raha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="masiwa"> <source src="../../../../audio/masiwa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio></p> <div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><strong>Les règles de lecture</strong></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomori. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. Pluriel <br /> <span style="color: gray;">✧</span> shiMaore <em>(mahorais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #ffcc00;">✽</span> shiMwali <em>(mohélien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: red;">▲</span> shiNdzuani <em>(anjouanais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #3a6496;">◼</span> shiNgazidja <em>(grd-comorien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: green;">●</span> standard <em>(uniforme)</em><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffc2c2;"> Formes verbales </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffb060;"> Context </span> <span style="background-color: #ffea00;"> Définition </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0ffc0;"> Exemples en comorien </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0e2ff;"> Exemple traduit en français </span><br /> Traduction en français </div>', 'content_html_fr' => null, 'text_shimaore' => null, 'text_shimwali' => null, 'text_shindzuani' => null, 'text_shingazidja' => null, 'thumbnail' => 'Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg', 'media_source' => '', 'audio_source' => '', 'audio_source_shimaore' => null, 'audio_source_shimwali' => null, 'audio_source_shindzuani' => null, 'audio_source_shingazidja' => null, 'video_source' => 'Les lettres simples.mp4;Les digraphies.mp4', 'purchase_link' => '', 'publishing_house' => 'ORELC', 'authorization' => 'Public', 'is_shingazidja' => false, 'is_shindzuani' => false, 'is_shimaore' => false, 'is_shimwali' => false, 'is_standard' => true, 'verified' => false, 'active' => false, 'is_conversation' => true, 'licensed' => false, 'closed' => false, 'exercises_to_validate' => '26;27;30;63', 'exercises_to_memorize' => null, 'required_exercises' => '', 'creator_id' => '36', 'editor_id' => '36', 'date_created' => '2014-07-30 20:28:25', 'date_updated' => '2022-01-13 12:48:43', 'date_published' => '2020-10-28 13:31:53', 'date_day_article' => '2020-04-05 00:01:03' ) ), 'type' => 'base', 'moduleType' => 'Les fondamentaux', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'countModifiedLessonsSpeaking' => '9', 'countModifiedLessonsGrammar' => '0', 'countModifiedLessonsBase' => '1', 'previousExerciceOk' => false, 'comments' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'Comment' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'learningDialect' => 'shimaore', 'haveDictionaryLicense' => false, 'haveGrammarLicense' => false, 'haveSpeakingLicense' => false, 'isAdministrator' => false, 'expendedHeader' => null, 'isiPAD' => false, 'isDesktop' => true, 'loggedIn' => null ) $authorizedEdition = null $authorizedConference = false $authorizedAccess = true $lesson = array( 'FrenchLesson' => array( 'id' => '4', 'version' => '2', 'module' => 'orthography', 'group' => '', 'type' => 'base', 'state' => '', 'rank' => '110', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'title' => 'Les règles de lecture', 'author_name' => '', 'dialect' => 'shiKomori', 'description' => 'Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le dictionnaire ou à l'édition d'article.', 'content' => '', 'preview' => '<div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><b>Les règles de lecture</b></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomor. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br> Bonne apprentissage.</div>', 'content_html' => '<p><audio id="birika"> <source src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="duli"> <source src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="cai"> <source src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dhahabu"> <source src="../../../../audio/dhahabu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="djini"> <source src="../../../../audio/djini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndraru"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndraru.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dzitso"> <source src="../../../../audio/dzitso.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="maghrib"> <source src="../../../../audio/maghrib.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="nyama"> <source src="../../../../audio/nyama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="shiyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/shiyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mapvaha"> <source src="../../../../audio/mapvaha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="thalathini"> <source src="../../../../audio/thalathini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="trama"> <source src="../../../../audio/trama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsano"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsano.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbe"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbe.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mpira"> <source src="../../../../audio/mpira.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndovu"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndovu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndjema"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndjema.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndzia"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndzia.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ngazidja"> <source src="../../../../audio/ngazidja.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsohole"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsohole.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="bondzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/bondzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dinyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/dinyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbeli"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbeli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mlango"> <source src="../../../../audio/mlango.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Farantsa"> <source src="../../../../audio/Farantsa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Ndzuani"> <source src="../../../../audio/Ndzuani.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="fundi"> <source src="../../../../audio/fundi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Dzaudzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/Dzaudzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="karibu"> <source src="../../../../audio/karibu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mfaume"> <source src="../../../../audio/mfaume.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="âkili"> <source src="../../../../audio/âkili.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="hari"> <source src="../../../../audio/hari.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="raha"> <source src="../../../../audio/raha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="masiwa"> <source src="../../../../audio/masiwa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio></p> <div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><strong>Les règles de lecture</strong></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomori. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. 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Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. Pluriel <br /> <span style="color: gray;">✧</span> shiMaore <em>(mahorais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #ffcc00;">✽</span> shiMwali <em>(mohélien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: red;">▲</span> shiNdzuani <em>(anjouanais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #3a6496;">◼</span> shiNgazidja <em>(grd-comorien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: green;">●</span> standard <em>(uniforme)</em><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffc2c2;"> Formes verbales </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffb060;"> Context </span> <span style="background-color: #ffea00;"> Définition </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0ffc0;"> Exemples en comorien </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0e2ff;"> Exemple traduit en français </span><br /> Traduction en français </div>' $thumbnail = 'Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg' $description = 'Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le 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class="fas fa-circle"></i> ' $iconPlay = '<img src='/orelc/img/illustration/Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg' style='width:100%;border:1px solid silver;'\>' $textPlay = 'Visionner' $copiesURL = '/orelc/Users/login' $urlLesson = '/orelc/FrenchLessons/getLesson/4?number=' $tokensContent = array( (int) 0 => '<p><audio', (int) 1 => 'id="birika"> ', (int) 2 => '', (int) 3 => '<source', (int) 4 => 'src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a"', (int) 5 => 'type="audio/mpeg"', (int) 6 => '/> </audio>', (int) 7 => '<audio', (int) 8 => 'id="duli"> ', (int) 9 => '', (int) 10 => '<source', (int) 11 => 'src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a"', (int) 12 => 'type="audio/mpeg"', (int) 13 => '/> </audio>', (int) 14 => '<audio', (int) 15 => 'id="cai"> ', (int) 16 => '', (int) 17 => '<source', (int) 18 => 'src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a"', (int) 19 => 'type="audio/mpeg"', (int) 20 => '/> </audio>', (int) 21 => '<audio', (int) 22 => 'id="dhahabu"> ', (int) 23 => '', (int) 24 => '<source', (int) 25 => 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=> 'class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe', (int) 310 => 'officielle</h2> <h1', (int) 311 => 'class="infos_examples"', (int) 312 => 'style="text-align:', (int) 313 => 'center;', (int) 314 => 'font-weight:', (int) 315 => 'normal;', (int) 316 => 'color:', (int) 317 => 'gray;">L’orthographe', (int) 318 => 'officielle', (int) 319 => 'du', (int) 320 => 'shiKomori', (int) 321 => '(décret', (int) 322 => 'N°', (int) 323 => '09-135', (int) 324 => '/', (int) 325 => 'PR', (int) 326 => 'du', (int) 327 => '12', (int) 328 => 'décembre', (int) 329 => '2009)</h1> <h2', (int) 330 => 'style="text-align:', (int) 331 => 'left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table', (int) 332 => 'style="padding-left:', (int) 333 => '0px;', (int) 334 => ';', (int) 335 => 'padding-right:', (int) 336 => '0px;', (int) 337 => ';', (int) 338 => 'border:', (int) 339 => 'none;"', (int) 340 => 'width="100%"', (int) 341 => 'align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td', (int) 342 => 'style="border:', (int) 343 => 'none;">L'alphabet', (int) 344 => 'est', (int) 345 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397 => 'R,', (int) 398 => 'S,', (int) 399 => 'T,', (int) 400 => 'U,', (int) 401 => 'V,', (int) 402 => 'W,', (int) 403 => 'Y,', (int) 404 => 'et', (int) 405 => 'Z.<br', (int) 406 => '/>', (int) 407 => 'Les', (int) 408 => 'lettres', (int) 409 => 'Q', (int) 410 => 'et', (int) 411 => 'X', (int) 412 => 'ne', (int) 413 => 'sont', (int) 414 => 'pas', (int) 415 => 'utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2', (int) 416 => 'style="text-align:', (int) 417 => 'left;">Les', (int) 418 => 'voyelles</h2> <table', (int) 419 => 'style="padding-left:', (int) 420 => '0px;', (int) 421 => ';', (int) 422 => 'padding-right:', (int) 423 => '0px;', (int) 424 => ';', (int) 425 => 'border:', (int) 426 => 'none;"', (int) 427 => 'width="100%"', (int) 428 => 'align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td', (int) 429 => 'style="border:', (int) 430 => 'none;"><strong>1.</strong>', (int) 431 => 'Toutes', (int) 432 => 'les', (int) 433 => 'suites', (int) 434 => 'de', (int) 435 => 'voyelles', (int) 436 => 'doivent', (int) 437 => 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<h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 678 => 'align="center"', (int) 679 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 680 => 'align="center"', (int) 681 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 682 => 'align="center"', (int) 683 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se', (int) 684 => 'prononce', (int) 685 => 'comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 686 => 'align="center">B,', (int) 687 => 'b</td> <td', (int) 688 => 'align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi', (int) 689 => '<em>(fil)</em>', (int) 690 => '<span', (int) 691 => 'id="bondziPlayer"', (int) 692 => 'class="fa', (int) 693 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 694 => 'style="color:', (int) 695 => '#3a6496;', (int) 696 => 'float:', (int) 697 => 'right;', (int) 698 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 699 => 'middle;">', (int) 700 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 701 => 'B', (int) 702 => 'explosif', (int) 703 => '(en', (int) 704 => 'expirant', (int) 705 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 706 => 'align="center">D,', (int) 707 => 'd</td> <td', (int) 708 => 'align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo', (int) 709 => '<em>(dent)</em>', (int) 710 => '<span', (int) 711 => 'id="dinyoPlayer"', (int) 712 => 'class="fa', (int) 713 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 714 => 'style="color:', (int) 715 => '#3a6496;', (int) 716 => 'float:', (int) 717 => 'right;', (int) 718 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 719 => 'middle;">', (int) 720 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 721 => 'D', (int) 722 => 'explosif', (int) 723 => '(en', (int) 724 => 'expirant', (int) 725 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 726 => 'align="center">Ɓ,', (int) 727 => 'ɓ</td> <td', (int) 728 => 'align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika', (int) 729 => '<em>(théière)</em>', (int) 730 => '<span', (int) 731 => 'id="birikaPlayer"', (int) 732 => 'class="fa', (int) 733 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 734 => 'style="color:', (int) 735 => '#3a6496;', (int) 736 => 'float:', (int) 737 => 'right;', (int) 738 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 739 => 'middle;">', (int) 740 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 741 => 'B', (int) 742 => 'implosif', (int) 743 => '(en', (int) 744 => 'inspirant', (int) 745 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 746 => 'align="center">Ɗ,', (int) 747 => 'ɗ</td> <td', (int) 748 => 'align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli', (int) 749 => '<em>(gencive)</em>', (int) 750 => '<span', (int) 751 => 'id="duliPlayer"', (int) 752 => 'class="fa', (int) 753 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 754 => 'style="color:', (int) 755 => '#3a6496;', (int) 756 => 'float:', (int) 757 => 'right;', (int) 758 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 759 => 'middle;">', (int) 760 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 761 => 'D', (int) 762 => 'implosif', (int) 763 => '(en', (int) 764 => 'inspirant', (int) 765 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 766 => 'align="center">C,', (int) 767 => 'c</td> <td', (int) 768 => 'align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai', (int) 769 => '<em>(thé)</em>', (int) 770 => '<span', (int) 771 => 'id="caiPlayer"', (int) 772 => 'class="fa', (int) 773 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 774 => 'style="color:', (int) 775 => '#3a6496;', (int) 776 => 'float:', (int) 777 => 'right;', (int) 778 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 779 => 'middle;">', (int) 780 => '</span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 781 => 'colspan="5"', (int) 782 => 'align="center"', (int) 783 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les', (int) 784 => 'Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 785 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 786 => 'style="color:', (int) 787 => 'black;', (int) 788 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 789 => 'none;">Dh,', (int) 790 => 'dh</a></td> <td', (int) 791 => 'align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu', (int) 792 => '<em>(or)</em>', (int) 793 => '<span', (int) 794 => 'id="dhahabuPlayer"', (int) 795 => 'class="fa', (int) 796 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 797 => 'style="color:', (int) 798 => '#3a6496;', (int) 799 => 'float:', (int) 800 => 'right;', (int) 801 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 802 => 'middle;">', (int) 803 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 804 => 'anglais', (int) 805 => ':', (int) 806 => 'this</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 807 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 808 => 'style="color:', (int) 809 => 'black;', (int) 810 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 811 => 'none;">Dj,', (int) 812 => 'dj</a></td> <td', (int) 813 => 'align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini', (int) 814 => '<em>(djinn)</em>', (int) 815 => '<span', (int) 816 => 'id="djiniPlayer"', (int) 817 => 'class="fa', (int) 818 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 819 => 'style="color:', (int) 820 => '#3a6496;', (int) 821 => 'float:', (int) 822 => 'right;', (int) 823 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 824 => 'middle;">', (int) 825 => '</span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 826 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 827 => 'style="color:', (int) 828 => 'black;', (int) 829 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 830 => 'none;">Dr,', (int) 831 => 'dr</a></td> <td', (int) 832 => 'align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru', (int) 833 => '<em>(trois)</em>', (int) 834 => '<span', (int) 835 => 'id="ndraruPlayer"', (int) 836 => 'class="fa', (int) 837 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 838 => 'style="color:', (int) 839 => '#3a6496;', (int) 840 => 'float:', (int) 841 => 'right;', (int) 842 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 843 => 'middle;">', (int) 844 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 845 => 'anglais', (int) 846 => ':', (int) 847 => 'dream,', (int) 848 => 'r', (int) 849 => 'très', (int) 850 => 'faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 851 => 'align="center">Dz,', (int) 852 => 'dz</td> <td', (int) 853 => 'align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso', (int) 854 => '<em>(œil)</em>', (int) 855 => '<span', (int) 856 => 'id="dzitsoPlayer"', (int) 857 => 'class="fa', (int) 858 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 859 => 'style="color:', (int) 860 => '#3a6496;', (int) 861 => 'float:', (int) 862 => 'right;', (int) 863 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 864 => 'middle;">', (int) 865 => '</span></td> <td>Dzaudzi', (int) 866 => '<span', (int) 867 => 'id="DzaudziPlayer"', (int) 868 => 'class="fa', (int) 869 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 870 => 'style="color:', (int) 871 => '#3a6496;', (int) 872 => 'float:', (int) 873 => 'right;', (int) 874 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 875 => 'middle;">', (int) 876 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 877 => 'align="center">Gh,', (int) 878 => 'gh</td> <td', (int) 879 => 'align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib', (int) 880 => '<em>(prière', (int) 881 => 'du', (int) 882 => 'coucher', (int) 883 => 'du', (int) 884 => 'soleil)</em>', (int) 885 => '<span', (int) 886 => 'id="maghribPlayer"', (int) 887 => 'class="fa', (int) 888 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 889 => 'style="color:', (int) 890 => '#3a6496;', (int) 891 => 'float:', (int) 892 => 'right;', (int) 893 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 894 => 'middle;">', (int) 895 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 896 => 'français', (int) 897 => ':', (int) 898 => 'rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 899 => 'align="center">Ny,', (int) 900 => 'ny</td> <td', (int) 901 => 'align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama', (int) 902 => '<em>(viande)</em>', (int) 903 => '<span', (int) 904 => 'id="nyamaPlayer"', (int) 905 => 'class="fa', (int) 906 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 907 => 'style="color:', (int) 908 => '#3a6496;', (int) 909 => 'float:', (int) 910 => 'right;', (int) 911 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 912 => 'middle;">', (int) 913 => '</span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 914 => 'align="center">Sh,', (int) 915 => 'sh</td> <td', (int) 916 => 'align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo', (int) 917 => '<em>(livre)</em>', (int) 918 => '<span', (int) 919 => 'id="shiyoPlayer"', (int) 920 => 'class="fa', (int) 921 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 922 => 'style="color:', (int) 923 => '#3a6496;', (int) 924 => 'float:', (int) 925 => 'right;', (int) 926 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 927 => 'middle;">', (int) 928 => '</span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 929 => 'align="center">Pv,', (int) 930 => 'pv</td> <td', (int) 931 => 'align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha', (int) 932 => '<em>(des', (int) 933 => 'chats)</em>', (int) 934 => '<span', (int) 935 => 'id="mapvahaPlayer"', (int) 936 => 'class="fa', (int) 937 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 938 => 'style="color:', (int) 939 => '#3a6496;', (int) 940 => 'float:', (int) 941 => 'right;', (int) 942 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 943 => 'middle;">', (int) 944 => '</span></td> <td>entre', (int) 945 => '"v"', (int) 946 => 'et', (int) 947 => '"b",', (int) 948 => 'en', (int) 949 => 'espagnol', (int) 950 => ':', (int) 951 => 'saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 952 => 'align="center">Th,', (int) 953 => 'th</td> <td', (int) 954 => 'align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini', (int) 955 => '<em>(trente)</em>', (int) 956 => '<span', (int) 957 => 'id="thalathiniPlayer"', (int) 958 => 'class="fa', (int) 959 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 960 => 'style="color:', (int) 961 => '#3a6496;', (int) 962 => 'float:', (int) 963 => 'right;', (int) 964 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 965 => 'middle;">', (int) 966 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 967 => 'anglais', (int) 968 => ':', (int) 969 => 'thank', (int) 970 => 'you</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 971 => 'align="center">Tr,', (int) 972 => 'tr</td> <td', (int) 973 => 'align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama', (int) 974 => '<em>(maïs)</em>', (int) 975 => '<span', (int) 976 => 'id="tramaPlayer"', (int) 977 => 'class="fa', (int) 978 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 979 => 'style="color:', (int) 980 => '#3a6496;', (int) 981 => 'float:', (int) 982 => 'right;', (int) 983 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 984 => 'middle;">', (int) 985 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 986 => 'anglais', (int) 987 => ':', (int) 988 => 'tree,', (int) 989 => 'r', (int) 990 => 'très', (int) 991 => 'faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 992 => 'align="center">Ts,', (int) 993 => 'ts</td> <td', (int) 994 => 'align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano', (int) 995 => '<em>(cinq)</em>', (int) 996 => '<span', (int) 997 => 'id="ntsanoPlayer"', (int) 998 => 'class="fa', (int) 999 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1000 => 'style="color:', (int) 1001 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1002 => 'float:', (int) 1003 => 'right;', (int) 1004 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1005 => 'middle;">', (int) 1006 => '</span></td> <td>mouche', (int) 1007 => 'tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1008 => 'colspan="5"', (int) 1009 => 'align="center"', (int) 1010 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les', (int) 1011 => 'consonnes', (int) 1012 => 'pré-nasalisées', (int) 1013 => '(bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1014 => 'align="center">Mɓ,', (int) 1015 => 'Mb</td> <td', (int) 1016 => 'align="center">[m~ɓ]', (int) 1017 => ',', (int) 1018 => '[mb]</td> <td>mɓe', (int) 1019 => '<em>(vache)</em>', (int) 1020 => '<span', (int) 1021 => 'id="mbePlayer"', (int) 1022 => 'class="fa', (int) 1023 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1024 => 'style="color:', (int) 1025 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1026 => 'float:', (int) 1027 => 'right;', (int) 1028 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1029 => 'middle;">', (int) 1030 => '</span></td> <td>mbeli', (int) 1031 => '<em>(devant)</em>', (int) 1032 => '<span', (int) 1033 => 'id="mbeliPlayer"', (int) 1034 => 'class="fa', (int) 1035 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1036 => 'style="color:', (int) 1037 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1038 => 'float:', (int) 1039 => 'right;', (int) 1040 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1041 => 'middle;">', (int) 1042 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1043 => 'align="center">Mp,', (int) 1044 => 'mp</td> <td', (int) 1045 => 'align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira', (int) 1046 => '<em>(ballon)</em>', (int) 1047 => '<span', (int) 1048 => 'id="mpiraPlayer"', (int) 1049 => 'class="fa', (int) 1050 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1051 => 'style="color:', (int) 1052 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1053 => 'float:', (int) 1054 => 'right;', (int) 1055 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1056 => 'middle;">', (int) 1057 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1058 => 'align="center">Nɗ,', (int) 1059 => 'Nd</td> <td', (int) 1060 => 'align="center">[n~ɗ],', (int) 1061 => '[nd]</td> <td>nɗovu', (int) 1062 => '<em>(éléphant)</em>', (int) 1063 => '<span', (int) 1064 => 'id="ndovuPlayer"', (int) 1065 => 'class="fa', (int) 1066 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1067 => 'style="color:', (int) 1068 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1069 => 'float:', (int) 1070 => 'right;', (int) 1071 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1072 => 'middle;">', (int) 1073 => '</span></td> <td>fundi', (int) 1074 => '<em>(maître)</em>', (int) 1075 => '<span', (int) 1076 => 'id="fundiPlayer"', (int) 1077 => 'class="fa', (int) 1078 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1079 => 'style="color:', (int) 1080 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1081 => 'float:', (int) 1082 => 'right;', (int) 1083 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1084 => 'middle;">', (int) 1085 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1086 => 'align="center">Ndj,', (int) 1087 => 'ndj</td> <td', (int) 1088 => 'align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema', (int) 1089 => '<em>(bien)</em>', (int) 1090 => '<span', (int) 1091 => 'id="ndjemaPlayer"', (int) 1092 => 'class="fa', (int) 1093 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1094 => 'style="color:', (int) 1095 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1096 => 'float:', (int) 1097 => 'right;', (int) 1098 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1099 => 'middle;">', (int) 1100 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1101 => 'align="center">Ndz,', (int) 1102 => 'ndz</td> <td', (int) 1103 => 'align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia', (int) 1104 => '<em>(chemin)</em>', (int) 1105 => '<span', (int) 1106 => 'id="ndziaPlayer"', (int) 1107 => 'class="fa', (int) 1108 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1109 => 'style="color:', (int) 1110 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1111 => 'float:', (int) 1112 => 'right;', (int) 1113 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1114 => 'middle;">', (int) 1115 => '</span></td> <td>Ndzuani', (int) 1116 => '<em>(Anjouan)</em>', (int) 1117 => '<span', (int) 1118 => 'id="NdzuaniPlayer"', (int) 1119 => 'class="fa', (int) 1120 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1121 => 'style="color:', (int) 1122 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1123 => 'float:', (int) 1124 => 'right;', (int) 1125 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1126 => 'middle;">', (int) 1127 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1128 => 'align="center">Ng,', (int) 1129 => 'ng</td> <td', (int) 1130 => 'align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja', (int) 1131 => '<em>(Grd-Comore)</em>', (int) 1132 => '<span', (int) 1133 => 'id="ngazidjaPlayer"', (int) 1134 => 'class="fa', (int) 1135 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1136 => 'style="color:', (int) 1137 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1138 => 'float:', (int) 1139 => 'right;', (int) 1140 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1141 => 'middle;">', (int) 1142 => '</span></td> <td>mlango', (int) 1143 => '<em>(porte)</em>', (int) 1144 => '<span', (int) 1145 => 'id="mlangoPlayer"', (int) 1146 => 'class="fa', (int) 1147 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1148 => 'style="color:', (int) 1149 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1150 => 'float:', (int) 1151 => 'right;', (int) 1152 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1153 => 'middle;">', (int) 1154 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1155 => 'align="center">Nts,', (int) 1156 => 'nts</td> <td', (int) 1157 => 'align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole', (int) 1158 => '<em>(grain', (int) 1159 => 'de', (int) 1160 => 'riz)</em>', (int) 1161 => '<span', (int) 1162 => 'id="ntsoholePlayer"', (int) 1163 => 'class="fa', (int) 1164 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1165 => 'style="color:', (int) 1166 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1167 => 'float:', (int) 1168 => 'right;', (int) 1169 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1170 => 'middle;">', (int) 1171 => '</span></td> <td>Farantsa', (int) 1172 => '<em>(France)</em>', (int) 1173 => '<span', (int) 1174 => 'id="FarantsaPlayer"', (int) 1175 => 'class="fa', (int) 1176 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1177 => 'style="color:', (int) 1178 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1179 => 'float:', (int) 1180 => 'right;', (int) 1181 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1182 => 'middle;">', (int) 1183 => '</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div', (int) 1184 => 'class="box"> <h2>Les', (int) 1185 => 'symboles', (int) 1186 => 'du', (int) 1187 => 'comorien</h2> Voici', (int) 1188 => 'les', (int) 1189 => 'principales', (int) 1190 => 'abréviations', (int) 1191 => 'et', (int) 1192 => 'symboles', (int) 1193 => 'utiles', (int) 1194 => ':<br', (int) 1195 => '/>', (int) 1196 => 'Cl.', (int) 1197 => 'classe<br', (int) 1198 => '/>', (int) 1199 => 'Pl.', (int) 1200 => 'Pluriel', (int) 1201 => '<br', (int) 1202 => '/>', (int) 1203 => '<span', (int) 1204 => 'style="color:', (int) 1205 => 'gray;">✧</span>', (int) 1206 => 'shiMaore', (int) 1207 => '<em>(mahorais)</em>', (int) 1208 => '<br', (int) 1209 => '/>', (int) 1210 => '<span', (int) 1211 => 'style="color:', (int) 1212 => '#ffcc00;">✽</span>', (int) 1213 => 'shiMwali', (int) 1214 => '<em>(mohélien)</em>', (int) 1215 => '<br', (int) 1216 => '/>', (int) 1217 => '<span', (int) 1218 => 'style="color:', (int) 1219 => 'red;">▲</span>', (int) 1220 => 'shiNdzuani', (int) 1221 => '<em>(anjouanais)</em>', (int) 1222 => '<br', (int) 1223 => '/>', (int) 1224 => '<span', (int) 1225 => 'style="color:', (int) 1226 => '#3a6496;">◼</span>', (int) 1227 => 'shiNgazidja', (int) 1228 => '<em>(grd-comorien)</em>', (int) 1229 => '<br', (int) 1230 => '/>', (int) 1231 => '<span', (int) 1232 => 'style="color:', (int) 1233 => 'green;">●</span>', (int) 1234 => 'standard', (int) 1235 => '<em>(uniforme)</em><br', (int) 1236 => '/>', (int) 1237 => '<span', (int) 1238 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1239 => '#ffc2c2;"> Formes', (int) 1240 => 'verbales </span><br', (int) 1241 => '/>', (int) 1242 => '<span', (int) 1243 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1244 => '#ffb060;"> Context </span>', (int) 1245 => '<span', (int) 1246 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1247 => '#ffea00;"> Définition </span><br', (int) 1248 => '/>', (int) 1249 => '<span', (int) 1250 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1251 => '#c0ffc0;"> Exemples', (int) 1252 => 'en', (int) 1253 => 'comorien </span><br', (int) 1254 => '/>', (int) 1255 => '<span', (int) 1256 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1257 => '#c0e2ff;"> Exemple', (int) 1258 => 'traduit', (int) 1259 => 'en', (int) 1260 => 'français </span><br', (int) 1261 => '/>', (int) 1262 => 'Traduction', (int) 1263 => 'en', (int) 1264 => 'français </div>' ) $classBtn = 'btn-primary' $destopColumnSize = (int) 8 $mobileColumnSize = (int) 9
include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/head_viewer.php, line 130 include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/lesson_viewer.php, line 45 include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/get_lesson.ctp, line 1 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 107
Notice (8): Undefined variable: number [APP/View/FrenchLessons/head_viewer.php, line 133]Code Context<div class="row" style="height:33%;vertical-align: middle;"></div><div class="row" style="height:33%;vertical-align: middle;"><div style="font-weight: bold;font-family:GungsuhChe;font-size:14pt;"><?=$number?></div>$viewFile = '/home/nonisesh/www/swadrii/orelc/app/View/FrenchLessons/get_lesson.ctp' $dataForView = array( 'authorizedEdition' => null, 'authorizedConference' => false, 'authorizedAccess' => true, 'lesson' => array( 'FrenchLesson' => array( 'id' => '4', 'version' => '2', 'module' => 'orthography', 'group' => '', 'type' => 'base', 'state' => '', 'rank' => '110', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'title' => 'Les règles de lecture', 'author_name' => '', 'dialect' => 'shiKomori', 'description' => 'Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le dictionnaire ou à l'édition d'article.', 'content' => '', 'preview' => '<div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><b>Les règles de lecture</b></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomor. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br> Bonne apprentissage.</div>', 'content_html' => '<p><audio id="birika"> <source src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="duli"> <source src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="cai"> <source src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dhahabu"> <source src="../../../../audio/dhahabu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="djini"> <source src="../../../../audio/djini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndraru"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndraru.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dzitso"> <source src="../../../../audio/dzitso.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="maghrib"> <source src="../../../../audio/maghrib.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="nyama"> <source src="../../../../audio/nyama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="shiyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/shiyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mapvaha"> <source src="../../../../audio/mapvaha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="thalathini"> <source src="../../../../audio/thalathini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="trama"> <source src="../../../../audio/trama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsano"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsano.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbe"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbe.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mpira"> <source src="../../../../audio/mpira.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndovu"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndovu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndjema"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndjema.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndzia"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndzia.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ngazidja"> <source src="../../../../audio/ngazidja.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsohole"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsohole.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="bondzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/bondzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dinyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/dinyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbeli"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbeli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mlango"> <source src="../../../../audio/mlango.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Farantsa"> <source src="../../../../audio/Farantsa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Ndzuani"> <source src="../../../../audio/Ndzuani.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="fundi"> <source src="../../../../audio/fundi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Dzaudzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/Dzaudzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="karibu"> <source src="../../../../audio/karibu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mfaume"> <source src="../../../../audio/mfaume.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="âkili"> <source src="../../../../audio/âkili.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="hari"> <source src="../../../../audio/hari.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="raha"> <source src="../../../../audio/raha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="masiwa"> <source src="../../../../audio/masiwa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio></p> <div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><strong>Les règles de lecture</strong></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomori. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. Pluriel <br /> <span style="color: gray;">✧</span> shiMaore <em>(mahorais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #ffcc00;">✽</span> shiMwali <em>(mohélien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: red;">▲</span> shiNdzuani <em>(anjouanais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #3a6496;">◼</span> shiNgazidja <em>(grd-comorien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: green;">●</span> standard <em>(uniforme)</em><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffc2c2;"> Formes verbales </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffb060;"> Context </span> <span style="background-color: #ffea00;"> Définition </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0ffc0;"> Exemples en comorien </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0e2ff;"> Exemple traduit en français </span><br /> Traduction en français </div>', 'content_html_fr' => null, 'text_shimaore' => null, 'text_shimwali' => null, 'text_shindzuani' => null, 'text_shingazidja' => null, 'thumbnail' => 'Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg', 'media_source' => '', 'audio_source' => '', 'audio_source_shimaore' => null, 'audio_source_shimwali' => null, 'audio_source_shindzuani' => null, 'audio_source_shingazidja' => null, 'video_source' => 'Les lettres simples.mp4;Les digraphies.mp4', 'purchase_link' => '', 'publishing_house' => 'ORELC', 'authorization' => 'Public', 'is_shingazidja' => false, 'is_shindzuani' => false, 'is_shimaore' => false, 'is_shimwali' => false, 'is_standard' => true, 'verified' => false, 'active' => false, 'is_conversation' => true, 'licensed' => false, 'closed' => false, 'exercises_to_validate' => '26;27;30;63', 'exercises_to_memorize' => null, 'required_exercises' => '', 'creator_id' => '36', 'editor_id' => '36', 'date_created' => '2014-07-30 20:28:25', 'date_updated' => '2022-01-13 12:48:43', 'date_published' => '2020-10-28 13:31:53', 'date_day_article' => '2020-04-05 00:01:03' ) ), 'type' => 'base', 'moduleType' => 'Les fondamentaux', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'countModifiedLessonsSpeaking' => '9', 'countModifiedLessonsGrammar' => '0', 'countModifiedLessonsBase' => '1', 'previousExerciceOk' => false, 'comments' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'Comment' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'learningDialect' => 'shimaore', 'haveDictionaryLicense' => false, 'haveGrammarLicense' => false, 'haveSpeakingLicense' => false, 'isAdministrator' => false, 'expendedHeader' => null, 'isiPAD' => false, 'isDesktop' => true, 'loggedIn' => null ) $authorizedEdition = null $authorizedConference = false $authorizedAccess = true $lesson = array( 'FrenchLesson' => array( 'id' => '4', 'version' => '2', 'module' => 'orthography', 'group' => '', 'type' => 'base', 'state' => '', 'rank' => '110', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'title' => 'Les règles de lecture', 'author_name' => '', 'dialect' => 'shiKomori', 'description' => 'Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le dictionnaire ou à l'édition d'article.', 'content' => '', 'preview' => '<div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><b>Les règles de lecture</b></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomor. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br> Bonne apprentissage.</div>', 'content_html' => '<p><audio id="birika"> <source src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="duli"> <source src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="cai"> <source src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dhahabu"> <source src="../../../../audio/dhahabu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="djini"> <source src="../../../../audio/djini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndraru"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndraru.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dzitso"> <source src="../../../../audio/dzitso.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="maghrib"> <source src="../../../../audio/maghrib.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="nyama"> <source src="../../../../audio/nyama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="shiyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/shiyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mapvaha"> <source src="../../../../audio/mapvaha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="thalathini"> <source src="../../../../audio/thalathini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="trama"> <source src="../../../../audio/trama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsano"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsano.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbe"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbe.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mpira"> <source src="../../../../audio/mpira.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndovu"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndovu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndjema"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndjema.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndzia"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndzia.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ngazidja"> <source src="../../../../audio/ngazidja.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsohole"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsohole.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="bondzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/bondzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dinyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/dinyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbeli"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbeli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mlango"> <source src="../../../../audio/mlango.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Farantsa"> <source src="../../../../audio/Farantsa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Ndzuani"> <source src="../../../../audio/Ndzuani.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="fundi"> <source src="../../../../audio/fundi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Dzaudzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/Dzaudzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="karibu"> <source src="../../../../audio/karibu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mfaume"> <source src="../../../../audio/mfaume.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="âkili"> <source src="../../../../audio/âkili.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="hari"> <source src="../../../../audio/hari.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="raha"> <source src="../../../../audio/raha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="masiwa"> <source src="../../../../audio/masiwa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio></p> <div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><strong>Les règles de lecture</strong></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomori. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. 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Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. Pluriel <br /> <span style="color: gray;">✧</span> shiMaore <em>(mahorais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #ffcc00;">✽</span> shiMwali <em>(mohélien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: red;">▲</span> shiNdzuani <em>(anjouanais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #3a6496;">◼</span> shiNgazidja <em>(grd-comorien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: green;">●</span> standard <em>(uniforme)</em><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffc2c2;"> Formes verbales </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffb060;"> Context </span> <span style="background-color: #ffea00;"> Définition </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0ffc0;"> Exemples en comorien </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0e2ff;"> Exemple traduit en français </span><br /> Traduction en français </div>' $thumbnail = 'Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg' $description = 'Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le 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class="fas fa-circle"></i> ' $iconPlay = '<img src='/orelc/img/illustration/Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg' style='width:100%;border:1px solid silver;'\>' $textPlay = 'Visionner' $copiesURL = '/orelc/Users/login' $urlLesson = '/orelc/FrenchLessons/getLesson/4?number=' $tokensContent = array( (int) 0 => '<p><audio', (int) 1 => 'id="birika"> ', (int) 2 => '', (int) 3 => '<source', (int) 4 => 'src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a"', (int) 5 => 'type="audio/mpeg"', (int) 6 => '/> </audio>', (int) 7 => '<audio', (int) 8 => 'id="duli"> ', (int) 9 => '', (int) 10 => '<source', (int) 11 => 'src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a"', (int) 12 => 'type="audio/mpeg"', (int) 13 => '/> </audio>', (int) 14 => '<audio', (int) 15 => 'id="cai"> ', (int) 16 => '', (int) 17 => '<source', (int) 18 => 'src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a"', (int) 19 => 'type="audio/mpeg"', (int) 20 => '/> </audio>', (int) 21 => '<audio', (int) 22 => 'id="dhahabu"> ', (int) 23 => '', (int) 24 => '<source', (int) 25 => 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=> 'class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe', (int) 310 => 'officielle</h2> <h1', (int) 311 => 'class="infos_examples"', (int) 312 => 'style="text-align:', (int) 313 => 'center;', (int) 314 => 'font-weight:', (int) 315 => 'normal;', (int) 316 => 'color:', (int) 317 => 'gray;">L’orthographe', (int) 318 => 'officielle', (int) 319 => 'du', (int) 320 => 'shiKomori', (int) 321 => '(décret', (int) 322 => 'N°', (int) 323 => '09-135', (int) 324 => '/', (int) 325 => 'PR', (int) 326 => 'du', (int) 327 => '12', (int) 328 => 'décembre', (int) 329 => '2009)</h1> <h2', (int) 330 => 'style="text-align:', (int) 331 => 'left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table', (int) 332 => 'style="padding-left:', (int) 333 => '0px;', (int) 334 => ';', (int) 335 => 'padding-right:', (int) 336 => '0px;', (int) 337 => ';', (int) 338 => 'border:', (int) 339 => 'none;"', (int) 340 => 'width="100%"', (int) 341 => 'align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td', (int) 342 => 'style="border:', (int) 343 => 'none;">L'alphabet', (int) 344 => 'est', (int) 345 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397 => 'R,', (int) 398 => 'S,', (int) 399 => 'T,', (int) 400 => 'U,', (int) 401 => 'V,', (int) 402 => 'W,', (int) 403 => 'Y,', (int) 404 => 'et', (int) 405 => 'Z.<br', (int) 406 => '/>', (int) 407 => 'Les', (int) 408 => 'lettres', (int) 409 => 'Q', (int) 410 => 'et', (int) 411 => 'X', (int) 412 => 'ne', (int) 413 => 'sont', (int) 414 => 'pas', (int) 415 => 'utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2', (int) 416 => 'style="text-align:', (int) 417 => 'left;">Les', (int) 418 => 'voyelles</h2> <table', (int) 419 => 'style="padding-left:', (int) 420 => '0px;', (int) 421 => ';', (int) 422 => 'padding-right:', (int) 423 => '0px;', (int) 424 => ';', (int) 425 => 'border:', (int) 426 => 'none;"', (int) 427 => 'width="100%"', (int) 428 => 'align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td', (int) 429 => 'style="border:', (int) 430 => 'none;"><strong>1.</strong>', (int) 431 => 'Toutes', (int) 432 => 'les', (int) 433 => 'suites', (int) 434 => 'de', (int) 435 => 'voyelles', (int) 436 => 'doivent', (int) 437 => 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<h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 678 => 'align="center"', (int) 679 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 680 => 'align="center"', (int) 681 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 682 => 'align="center"', (int) 683 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se', (int) 684 => 'prononce', (int) 685 => 'comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 686 => 'align="center">B,', (int) 687 => 'b</td> <td', (int) 688 => 'align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi', (int) 689 => '<em>(fil)</em>', (int) 690 => '<span', (int) 691 => 'id="bondziPlayer"', (int) 692 => 'class="fa', (int) 693 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 694 => 'style="color:', (int) 695 => '#3a6496;', (int) 696 => 'float:', (int) 697 => 'right;', (int) 698 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 699 => 'middle;">', (int) 700 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 701 => 'B', (int) 702 => 'explosif', (int) 703 => '(en', (int) 704 => 'expirant', (int) 705 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 706 => 'align="center">D,', (int) 707 => 'd</td> <td', (int) 708 => 'align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo', (int) 709 => '<em>(dent)</em>', (int) 710 => '<span', (int) 711 => 'id="dinyoPlayer"', (int) 712 => 'class="fa', (int) 713 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 714 => 'style="color:', (int) 715 => '#3a6496;', (int) 716 => 'float:', (int) 717 => 'right;', (int) 718 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 719 => 'middle;">', (int) 720 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 721 => 'D', (int) 722 => 'explosif', (int) 723 => '(en', (int) 724 => 'expirant', (int) 725 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 726 => 'align="center">Ɓ,', (int) 727 => 'ɓ</td> <td', (int) 728 => 'align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika', (int) 729 => '<em>(théière)</em>', (int) 730 => '<span', (int) 731 => 'id="birikaPlayer"', (int) 732 => 'class="fa', (int) 733 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 734 => 'style="color:', (int) 735 => '#3a6496;', (int) 736 => 'float:', (int) 737 => 'right;', (int) 738 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 739 => 'middle;">', (int) 740 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 741 => 'B', (int) 742 => 'implosif', (int) 743 => '(en', (int) 744 => 'inspirant', (int) 745 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 746 => 'align="center">Ɗ,', (int) 747 => 'ɗ</td> <td', (int) 748 => 'align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli', (int) 749 => '<em>(gencive)</em>', (int) 750 => '<span', (int) 751 => 'id="duliPlayer"', (int) 752 => 'class="fa', (int) 753 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 754 => 'style="color:', (int) 755 => '#3a6496;', (int) 756 => 'float:', (int) 757 => 'right;', (int) 758 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 759 => 'middle;">', (int) 760 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 761 => 'D', (int) 762 => 'implosif', (int) 763 => '(en', (int) 764 => 'inspirant', (int) 765 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 766 => 'align="center">C,', (int) 767 => 'c</td> <td', (int) 768 => 'align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai', (int) 769 => '<em>(thé)</em>', (int) 770 => '<span', (int) 771 => 'id="caiPlayer"', (int) 772 => 'class="fa', (int) 773 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 774 => 'style="color:', (int) 775 => '#3a6496;', (int) 776 => 'float:', (int) 777 => 'right;', (int) 778 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 779 => 'middle;">', (int) 780 => '</span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 781 => 'colspan="5"', (int) 782 => 'align="center"', (int) 783 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les', (int) 784 => 'Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 785 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 786 => 'style="color:', (int) 787 => 'black;', (int) 788 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 789 => 'none;">Dh,', (int) 790 => 'dh</a></td> <td', (int) 791 => 'align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu', (int) 792 => '<em>(or)</em>', (int) 793 => '<span', (int) 794 => 'id="dhahabuPlayer"', (int) 795 => 'class="fa', (int) 796 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 797 => 'style="color:', (int) 798 => '#3a6496;', (int) 799 => 'float:', (int) 800 => 'right;', (int) 801 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 802 => 'middle;">', (int) 803 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 804 => 'anglais', (int) 805 => ':', (int) 806 => 'this</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 807 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 808 => 'style="color:', (int) 809 => 'black;', (int) 810 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 811 => 'none;">Dj,', (int) 812 => 'dj</a></td> <td', (int) 813 => 'align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini', (int) 814 => '<em>(djinn)</em>', (int) 815 => '<span', (int) 816 => 'id="djiniPlayer"', (int) 817 => 'class="fa', (int) 818 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 819 => 'style="color:', (int) 820 => '#3a6496;', (int) 821 => 'float:', (int) 822 => 'right;', (int) 823 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 824 => 'middle;">', (int) 825 => '</span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 826 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 827 => 'style="color:', (int) 828 => 'black;', (int) 829 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 830 => 'none;">Dr,', (int) 831 => 'dr</a></td> <td', (int) 832 => 'align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru', (int) 833 => '<em>(trois)</em>', (int) 834 => '<span', (int) 835 => 'id="ndraruPlayer"', (int) 836 => 'class="fa', (int) 837 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 838 => 'style="color:', (int) 839 => '#3a6496;', (int) 840 => 'float:', (int) 841 => 'right;', (int) 842 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 843 => 'middle;">', (int) 844 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 845 => 'anglais', (int) 846 => ':', (int) 847 => 'dream,', (int) 848 => 'r', (int) 849 => 'très', (int) 850 => 'faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 851 => 'align="center">Dz,', (int) 852 => 'dz</td> <td', (int) 853 => 'align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso', (int) 854 => '<em>(œil)</em>', (int) 855 => '<span', (int) 856 => 'id="dzitsoPlayer"', (int) 857 => 'class="fa', (int) 858 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 859 => 'style="color:', (int) 860 => '#3a6496;', (int) 861 => 'float:', (int) 862 => 'right;', (int) 863 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 864 => 'middle;">', (int) 865 => '</span></td> <td>Dzaudzi', (int) 866 => '<span', (int) 867 => 'id="DzaudziPlayer"', (int) 868 => 'class="fa', (int) 869 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 870 => 'style="color:', (int) 871 => '#3a6496;', (int) 872 => 'float:', (int) 873 => 'right;', (int) 874 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 875 => 'middle;">', (int) 876 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 877 => 'align="center">Gh,', (int) 878 => 'gh</td> <td', (int) 879 => 'align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib', (int) 880 => '<em>(prière', (int) 881 => 'du', (int) 882 => 'coucher', (int) 883 => 'du', (int) 884 => 'soleil)</em>', (int) 885 => '<span', (int) 886 => 'id="maghribPlayer"', (int) 887 => 'class="fa', (int) 888 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 889 => 'style="color:', (int) 890 => '#3a6496;', (int) 891 => 'float:', (int) 892 => 'right;', (int) 893 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 894 => 'middle;">', (int) 895 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 896 => 'français', (int) 897 => ':', (int) 898 => 'rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 899 => 'align="center">Ny,', (int) 900 => 'ny</td> <td', (int) 901 => 'align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama', (int) 902 => '<em>(viande)</em>', (int) 903 => '<span', (int) 904 => 'id="nyamaPlayer"', (int) 905 => 'class="fa', (int) 906 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 907 => 'style="color:', (int) 908 => '#3a6496;', (int) 909 => 'float:', (int) 910 => 'right;', (int) 911 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 912 => 'middle;">', (int) 913 => '</span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 914 => 'align="center">Sh,', (int) 915 => 'sh</td> <td', (int) 916 => 'align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo', (int) 917 => '<em>(livre)</em>', (int) 918 => '<span', (int) 919 => 'id="shiyoPlayer"', (int) 920 => 'class="fa', (int) 921 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 922 => 'style="color:', (int) 923 => '#3a6496;', (int) 924 => 'float:', (int) 925 => 'right;', (int) 926 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 927 => 'middle;">', (int) 928 => '</span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 929 => 'align="center">Pv,', (int) 930 => 'pv</td> <td', (int) 931 => 'align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha', (int) 932 => '<em>(des', (int) 933 => 'chats)</em>', (int) 934 => '<span', (int) 935 => 'id="mapvahaPlayer"', (int) 936 => 'class="fa', (int) 937 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 938 => 'style="color:', (int) 939 => '#3a6496;', (int) 940 => 'float:', (int) 941 => 'right;', (int) 942 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 943 => 'middle;">', (int) 944 => '</span></td> <td>entre', (int) 945 => '"v"', (int) 946 => 'et', (int) 947 => '"b",', (int) 948 => 'en', (int) 949 => 'espagnol', (int) 950 => ':', (int) 951 => 'saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 952 => 'align="center">Th,', (int) 953 => 'th</td> <td', (int) 954 => 'align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini', (int) 955 => '<em>(trente)</em>', (int) 956 => '<span', (int) 957 => 'id="thalathiniPlayer"', (int) 958 => 'class="fa', (int) 959 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 960 => 'style="color:', (int) 961 => '#3a6496;', (int) 962 => 'float:', (int) 963 => 'right;', (int) 964 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 965 => 'middle;">', (int) 966 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 967 => 'anglais', (int) 968 => ':', (int) 969 => 'thank', (int) 970 => 'you</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 971 => 'align="center">Tr,', (int) 972 => 'tr</td> <td', (int) 973 => 'align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama', (int) 974 => '<em>(maïs)</em>', (int) 975 => '<span', (int) 976 => 'id="tramaPlayer"', (int) 977 => 'class="fa', (int) 978 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 979 => 'style="color:', (int) 980 => '#3a6496;', (int) 981 => 'float:', (int) 982 => 'right;', (int) 983 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 984 => 'middle;">', (int) 985 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 986 => 'anglais', (int) 987 => ':', (int) 988 => 'tree,', (int) 989 => 'r', (int) 990 => 'très', (int) 991 => 'faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 992 => 'align="center">Ts,', (int) 993 => 'ts</td> <td', (int) 994 => 'align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano', (int) 995 => '<em>(cinq)</em>', (int) 996 => '<span', (int) 997 => 'id="ntsanoPlayer"', (int) 998 => 'class="fa', (int) 999 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1000 => 'style="color:', (int) 1001 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1002 => 'float:', (int) 1003 => 'right;', (int) 1004 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1005 => 'middle;">', (int) 1006 => '</span></td> <td>mouche', (int) 1007 => 'tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1008 => 'colspan="5"', (int) 1009 => 'align="center"', (int) 1010 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les', (int) 1011 => 'consonnes', (int) 1012 => 'pré-nasalisées', (int) 1013 => '(bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1014 => 'align="center">Mɓ,', (int) 1015 => 'Mb</td> <td', (int) 1016 => 'align="center">[m~ɓ]', (int) 1017 => ',', (int) 1018 => '[mb]</td> <td>mɓe', (int) 1019 => '<em>(vache)</em>', (int) 1020 => '<span', (int) 1021 => 'id="mbePlayer"', (int) 1022 => 'class="fa', (int) 1023 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1024 => 'style="color:', (int) 1025 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1026 => 'float:', (int) 1027 => 'right;', (int) 1028 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1029 => 'middle;">', (int) 1030 => '</span></td> <td>mbeli', (int) 1031 => '<em>(devant)</em>', (int) 1032 => '<span', (int) 1033 => 'id="mbeliPlayer"', (int) 1034 => 'class="fa', (int) 1035 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1036 => 'style="color:', (int) 1037 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1038 => 'float:', (int) 1039 => 'right;', (int) 1040 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1041 => 'middle;">', (int) 1042 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1043 => 'align="center">Mp,', (int) 1044 => 'mp</td> <td', (int) 1045 => 'align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira', (int) 1046 => '<em>(ballon)</em>', (int) 1047 => '<span', (int) 1048 => 'id="mpiraPlayer"', (int) 1049 => 'class="fa', (int) 1050 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1051 => 'style="color:', (int) 1052 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1053 => 'float:', (int) 1054 => 'right;', (int) 1055 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1056 => 'middle;">', (int) 1057 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1058 => 'align="center">Nɗ,', (int) 1059 => 'Nd</td> <td', (int) 1060 => 'align="center">[n~ɗ],', (int) 1061 => '[nd]</td> <td>nɗovu', (int) 1062 => '<em>(éléphant)</em>', (int) 1063 => '<span', (int) 1064 => 'id="ndovuPlayer"', (int) 1065 => 'class="fa', (int) 1066 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1067 => 'style="color:', (int) 1068 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1069 => 'float:', (int) 1070 => 'right;', (int) 1071 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1072 => 'middle;">', (int) 1073 => '</span></td> <td>fundi', (int) 1074 => '<em>(maître)</em>', (int) 1075 => '<span', (int) 1076 => 'id="fundiPlayer"', (int) 1077 => 'class="fa', (int) 1078 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1079 => 'style="color:', (int) 1080 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1081 => 'float:', (int) 1082 => 'right;', (int) 1083 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1084 => 'middle;">', (int) 1085 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1086 => 'align="center">Ndj,', (int) 1087 => 'ndj</td> <td', (int) 1088 => 'align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema', (int) 1089 => '<em>(bien)</em>', (int) 1090 => '<span', (int) 1091 => 'id="ndjemaPlayer"', (int) 1092 => 'class="fa', (int) 1093 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1094 => 'style="color:', (int) 1095 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1096 => 'float:', (int) 1097 => 'right;', (int) 1098 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1099 => 'middle;">', (int) 1100 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1101 => 'align="center">Ndz,', (int) 1102 => 'ndz</td> <td', (int) 1103 => 'align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia', (int) 1104 => '<em>(chemin)</em>', (int) 1105 => '<span', (int) 1106 => 'id="ndziaPlayer"', (int) 1107 => 'class="fa', (int) 1108 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1109 => 'style="color:', (int) 1110 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1111 => 'float:', (int) 1112 => 'right;', (int) 1113 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1114 => 'middle;">', (int) 1115 => '</span></td> <td>Ndzuani', (int) 1116 => '<em>(Anjouan)</em>', (int) 1117 => '<span', (int) 1118 => 'id="NdzuaniPlayer"', (int) 1119 => 'class="fa', (int) 1120 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1121 => 'style="color:', (int) 1122 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1123 => 'float:', (int) 1124 => 'right;', (int) 1125 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1126 => 'middle;">', (int) 1127 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1128 => 'align="center">Ng,', (int) 1129 => 'ng</td> <td', (int) 1130 => 'align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja', (int) 1131 => '<em>(Grd-Comore)</em>', (int) 1132 => '<span', (int) 1133 => 'id="ngazidjaPlayer"', (int) 1134 => 'class="fa', (int) 1135 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1136 => 'style="color:', (int) 1137 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1138 => 'float:', (int) 1139 => 'right;', (int) 1140 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1141 => 'middle;">', (int) 1142 => '</span></td> <td>mlango', (int) 1143 => '<em>(porte)</em>', (int) 1144 => '<span', (int) 1145 => 'id="mlangoPlayer"', (int) 1146 => 'class="fa', (int) 1147 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1148 => 'style="color:', (int) 1149 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1150 => 'float:', (int) 1151 => 'right;', (int) 1152 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1153 => 'middle;">', (int) 1154 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1155 => 'align="center">Nts,', (int) 1156 => 'nts</td> <td', (int) 1157 => 'align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole', (int) 1158 => '<em>(grain', (int) 1159 => 'de', (int) 1160 => 'riz)</em>', (int) 1161 => '<span', (int) 1162 => 'id="ntsoholePlayer"', (int) 1163 => 'class="fa', (int) 1164 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1165 => 'style="color:', (int) 1166 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1167 => 'float:', (int) 1168 => 'right;', (int) 1169 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1170 => 'middle;">', (int) 1171 => '</span></td> <td>Farantsa', (int) 1172 => '<em>(France)</em>', (int) 1173 => '<span', (int) 1174 => 'id="FarantsaPlayer"', (int) 1175 => 'class="fa', (int) 1176 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1177 => 'style="color:', (int) 1178 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1179 => 'float:', (int) 1180 => 'right;', (int) 1181 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1182 => 'middle;">', (int) 1183 => '</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div', (int) 1184 => 'class="box"> <h2>Les', (int) 1185 => 'symboles', (int) 1186 => 'du', (int) 1187 => 'comorien</h2> Voici', (int) 1188 => 'les', (int) 1189 => 'principales', (int) 1190 => 'abréviations', (int) 1191 => 'et', (int) 1192 => 'symboles', (int) 1193 => 'utiles', (int) 1194 => ':<br', (int) 1195 => '/>', (int) 1196 => 'Cl.', (int) 1197 => 'classe<br', (int) 1198 => '/>', (int) 1199 => 'Pl.', (int) 1200 => 'Pluriel', (int) 1201 => '<br', (int) 1202 => '/>', (int) 1203 => '<span', (int) 1204 => 'style="color:', (int) 1205 => 'gray;">✧</span>', (int) 1206 => 'shiMaore', (int) 1207 => '<em>(mahorais)</em>', (int) 1208 => '<br', (int) 1209 => '/>', (int) 1210 => '<span', (int) 1211 => 'style="color:', (int) 1212 => '#ffcc00;">✽</span>', (int) 1213 => 'shiMwali', (int) 1214 => '<em>(mohélien)</em>', (int) 1215 => '<br', (int) 1216 => '/>', (int) 1217 => '<span', (int) 1218 => 'style="color:', (int) 1219 => 'red;">▲</span>', (int) 1220 => 'shiNdzuani', (int) 1221 => '<em>(anjouanais)</em>', (int) 1222 => '<br', (int) 1223 => '/>', (int) 1224 => '<span', (int) 1225 => 'style="color:', (int) 1226 => '#3a6496;">◼</span>', (int) 1227 => 'shiNgazidja', (int) 1228 => '<em>(grd-comorien)</em>', (int) 1229 => '<br', (int) 1230 => '/>', (int) 1231 => '<span', (int) 1232 => 'style="color:', (int) 1233 => 'green;">●</span>', (int) 1234 => 'standard', (int) 1235 => '<em>(uniforme)</em><br', (int) 1236 => '/>', (int) 1237 => '<span', (int) 1238 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1239 => '#ffc2c2;"> Formes', (int) 1240 => 'verbales </span><br', (int) 1241 => '/>', (int) 1242 => '<span', (int) 1243 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1244 => '#ffb060;"> Context </span>', (int) 1245 => '<span', (int) 1246 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1247 => '#ffea00;"> Définition </span><br', (int) 1248 => '/>', (int) 1249 => '<span', (int) 1250 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1251 => '#c0ffc0;"> Exemples', (int) 1252 => 'en', (int) 1253 => 'comorien </span><br', (int) 1254 => '/>', (int) 1255 => '<span', (int) 1256 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1257 => '#c0e2ff;"> Exemple', (int) 1258 => 'traduit', (int) 1259 => 'en', (int) 1260 => 'français </span><br', (int) 1261 => '/>', (int) 1262 => 'Traduction', (int) 1263 => 'en', (int) 1264 => 'français </div>' ) $classBtn = 'btn-primary' $destopColumnSize = (int) 8 $mobileColumnSize = (int) 9include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/head_viewer.php, line 133 include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/lesson_viewer.php, line 45 include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/get_lesson.ctp, line 1 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 107
<div class="row" style="height:33%;vertical-align: middle;"></div></div><div id="content<?=$number?>" class="col-xs-11 col-sm-11 col-md-11 col-lg-11" aria-label="Basic example" style="width:90%;margin:0;padding:5pt;padding-right:0;color:#333333;text-align:left;background-color:<?=((!isset($loggedIn) && $authorizedAccess) || (isset($loggedIn) && $authorizedAccess && $previousExerciceOk) ? '#E7EDF7':'#EBEBEB')?>;border-radius: 5pt;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;border-left:1pt groove GhostWhite;box-shadow: -1px 0px silver;">
$viewFile = '/home/nonisesh/www/swadrii/orelc/app/View/FrenchLessons/get_lesson.ctp' $dataForView = array( 'authorizedEdition' => null, 'authorizedConference' => false, 'authorizedAccess' => true, 'lesson' => array( 'FrenchLesson' => array( 'id' => '4', 'version' => '2', 'module' => 'orthography', 'group' => '', 'type' => 'base', 'state' => '', 'rank' => '110', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'title' => 'Les règles de lecture', 'author_name' => '', 'dialect' => 'shiKomori', 'description' => 'Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le dictionnaire ou à l'édition d'article.', 'content' => '', 'preview' => '<div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><b>Les règles de lecture</b></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomor. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br> Bonne apprentissage.</div>', 'content_html' => '<p><audio id="birika"> <source src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="duli"> <source src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="cai"> <source src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dhahabu"> <source src="../../../../audio/dhahabu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="djini"> <source src="../../../../audio/djini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndraru"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndraru.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dzitso"> <source src="../../../../audio/dzitso.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="maghrib"> <source src="../../../../audio/maghrib.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="nyama"> <source src="../../../../audio/nyama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="shiyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/shiyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mapvaha"> <source src="../../../../audio/mapvaha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="thalathini"> <source src="../../../../audio/thalathini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="trama"> <source src="../../../../audio/trama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsano"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsano.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbe"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbe.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mpira"> <source src="../../../../audio/mpira.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndovu"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndovu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndjema"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndjema.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndzia"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndzia.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ngazidja"> <source src="../../../../audio/ngazidja.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsohole"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsohole.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="bondzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/bondzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dinyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/dinyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbeli"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbeli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mlango"> <source src="../../../../audio/mlango.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Farantsa"> <source src="../../../../audio/Farantsa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Ndzuani"> <source src="../../../../audio/Ndzuani.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="fundi"> <source src="../../../../audio/fundi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Dzaudzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/Dzaudzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="karibu"> <source src="../../../../audio/karibu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mfaume"> <source src="../../../../audio/mfaume.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="âkili"> <source src="../../../../audio/âkili.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="hari"> <source src="../../../../audio/hari.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="raha"> <source src="../../../../audio/raha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="masiwa"> <source src="../../../../audio/masiwa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio></p> <div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><strong>Les règles de lecture</strong></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomori. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. Pluriel <br /> <span style="color: gray;">✧</span> shiMaore <em>(mahorais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #ffcc00;">✽</span> shiMwali <em>(mohélien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: red;">▲</span> shiNdzuani <em>(anjouanais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #3a6496;">◼</span> shiNgazidja <em>(grd-comorien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: green;">●</span> standard <em>(uniforme)</em><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffc2c2;"> Formes verbales </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffb060;"> Context </span> <span style="background-color: #ffea00;"> Définition </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0ffc0;"> Exemples en comorien </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0e2ff;"> Exemple traduit en français </span><br /> Traduction en français </div>', 'content_html_fr' => null, 'text_shimaore' => null, 'text_shimwali' => null, 'text_shindzuani' => null, 'text_shingazidja' => null, 'thumbnail' => 'Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg', 'media_source' => '', 'audio_source' => '', 'audio_source_shimaore' => null, 'audio_source_shimwali' => null, 'audio_source_shindzuani' => null, 'audio_source_shingazidja' => null, 'video_source' => 'Les lettres simples.mp4;Les digraphies.mp4', 'purchase_link' => '', 'publishing_house' => 'ORELC', 'authorization' => 'Public', 'is_shingazidja' => false, 'is_shindzuani' => false, 'is_shimaore' => false, 'is_shimwali' => false, 'is_standard' => true, 'verified' => false, 'active' => false, 'is_conversation' => true, 'licensed' => false, 'closed' => false, 'exercises_to_validate' => '26;27;30;63', 'exercises_to_memorize' => null, 'required_exercises' => '', 'creator_id' => '36', 'editor_id' => '36', 'date_created' => '2014-07-30 20:28:25', 'date_updated' => '2022-01-13 12:48:43', 'date_published' => '2020-10-28 13:31:53', 'date_day_article' => '2020-04-05 00:01:03' ) ), 'type' => 'base', 'moduleType' => 'Les fondamentaux', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'countModifiedLessonsSpeaking' => '9', 'countModifiedLessonsGrammar' => '0', 'countModifiedLessonsBase' => '1', 'previousExerciceOk' => false, 'comments' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'Comment' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'learningDialect' => 'shimaore', 'haveDictionaryLicense' => false, 'haveGrammarLicense' => false, 'haveSpeakingLicense' => false, 'isAdministrator' => false, 'expendedHeader' => null, 'isiPAD' => false, 'isDesktop' => true, 'loggedIn' => null ) $authorizedEdition = null $authorizedConference = false $authorizedAccess = true $lesson = array( 'FrenchLesson' => array( 'id' => '4', 'version' => '2', 'module' => 'orthography', 'group' => '', 'type' => 'base', 'state' => '', 'rank' => '110', 'chapter' => 'Orthographe', 'title' => 'Les règles de lecture', 'author_name' => '', 'dialect' => 'shiKomori', 'description' => 'Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le dictionnaire ou à l'édition d'article.', 'content' => '', 'preview' => '<div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><b>Les règles de lecture</b></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomor. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br> Bonne apprentissage.</div>', 'content_html' => '<p><audio id="birika"> <source src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="duli"> <source src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="cai"> <source src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dhahabu"> <source src="../../../../audio/dhahabu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="djini"> <source src="../../../../audio/djini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndraru"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndraru.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dzitso"> <source src="../../../../audio/dzitso.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="maghrib"> <source src="../../../../audio/maghrib.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="nyama"> <source src="../../../../audio/nyama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="shiyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/shiyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mapvaha"> <source src="../../../../audio/mapvaha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="thalathini"> <source src="../../../../audio/thalathini.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="trama"> <source src="../../../../audio/trama.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsano"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsano.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbe"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbe.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mpira"> <source src="../../../../audio/mpira.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndovu"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndovu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndjema"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndjema.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ndzia"> <source src="../../../../audio/ndzia.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ngazidja"> <source src="../../../../audio/ngazidja.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="ntsohole"> <source src="../../../../audio/ntsohole.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="bondzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/bondzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="dinyo"> <source src="../../../../audio/dinyo.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mbeli"> <source src="../../../../audio/mbeli.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mlango"> <source src="../../../../audio/mlango.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Farantsa"> <source src="../../../../audio/Farantsa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Ndzuani"> <source src="../../../../audio/Ndzuani.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="fundi"> <source src="../../../../audio/fundi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="Dzaudzi"> <source src="../../../../audio/Dzaudzi.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="karibu"> <source src="../../../../audio/karibu.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="mfaume"> <source src="../../../../audio/mfaume.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="âkili"> <source src="../../../../audio/âkili.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="hari"> <source src="../../../../audio/hari.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="raha"> <source src="../../../../audio/raha.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio> <audio id="masiwa"> <source src="../../../../audio/masiwa.m4a" type="audio/mpeg" /> </audio></p> <div class="box infos_examples"> <h2><strong>Les règles de lecture</strong></h2> Toutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomori. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. 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Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.<br /> Bonne apprentissage.</div> <div class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe officielle</h2> <h1 class="infos_examples" style="text-align: center; font-weight: normal; color: gray;">L’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;">L'alphabet est composé de 26 lettres :<br /> a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, et z.<br /> A, B, Ɓ, C, D, Ɗ, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, et Z.<br /> Les lettres Q et X ne sont pas utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les voyelles</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> Toutes les suites de voyelles doivent être prononcéees : <br /> - Les suites de voyelles AI, EA, IA, IO laissent naturellement entendre un Y intervocalique comme dans maïs<br /> - Les suites de voyelles AO, EU, UO, UA, laissent naturellement entendre un W intervocalique comme dans baobab<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre U comme karibu <span id="karibuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (bienvenue), se prononce toujours OU comme hibou.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre E comme mfaume <span id="mfaumePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (roi), se prononce toujours É comme vérité.<br /> <strong>4.</strong> L'accent circonflexe ^ sur une voyelle nasalyse la voyelle. Par exemple âkili <span id="âkiliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (intelligence) s'écrirait en franças ankili. Ce qui nous donne les voyelles nasales â, ê, î, ô, û.<br /> <strong>5.</strong> Les ACCENTS graves ou aigues ne sont pas utilisés</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes</h2> <table style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: none;"><strong>1.</strong> La lettre H comme hari <span id="hariPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (milieu), se prononce comme hello en anglais.<br /> <strong>2.</strong> La lettre R comme raha <span id="rahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (pas encore), se prononce comme pero en espagnol.<br /> <strong>3.</strong> La lettre S comme masiwa <span id="masiwaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; vertical-align: middle;"> </span> (îles), se prononce toujours SE comme salut.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Les consonnes prononcées différemment</h2> <table class="infos_examples" style="padding-left: 0px; ; padding-right: 0px; ; border: none;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se prononce comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">B, b</td> <td align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi <em>(fil)</em> <span id="bondziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">D, d</td> <td align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo <em>(dent)</em> <span id="dinyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D explosif (en expirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɓ, ɓ</td> <td align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika <em>(théière)</em> <span id="birikaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un B implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ɗ, ɗ</td> <td align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli <em>(gencive)</em> <span id="duliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>un D implosif (en inspirant l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">C, c</td> <td align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai <em>(thé)</em> <span id="caiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dh, dh</a></td> <td align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu <em>(or)</em> <span id="dhahabuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : this</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dj, dj</a></td> <td align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini <em>(djinn)</em> <span id="djiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Dr, dr</a></td> <td align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru <em>(trois)</em> <span id="ndraruPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : dream, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dz, dz</td> <td align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso <em>(œil)</em> <span id="dzitsoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Dzaudzi <span id="DzaudziPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gh, gh</td> <td align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib <em>(prière du coucher du soleil)</em> <span id="maghribPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en français : rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ny, ny</td> <td align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama <em>(viande)</em> <span id="nyamaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sh, sh</td> <td align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo <em>(livre)</em> <span id="shiyoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pv, pv</td> <td align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha <em>(des chats)</em> <span id="mapvahaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>entre "v" et "b", en espagnol : saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Th, th</td> <td align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini <em>(trente)</em> <span id="thalathiniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : thank you</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tr, tr</td> <td align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama <em>(maïs)</em> <span id="tramaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>en anglais : tree, r très faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ts, ts</td> <td align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano <em>(cinq)</em> <span id="ntsanoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mouche tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les consonnes pré-nasalisées (bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mɓ, Mb</td> <td align="center">[m~ɓ] , [mb]</td> <td>mɓe <em>(vache)</em> <span id="mbePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mbeli <em>(devant)</em> <span id="mbeliPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mp, mp</td> <td align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira <em>(ballon)</em> <span id="mpiraPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nɗ, Nd</td> <td align="center">[n~ɗ], [nd]</td> <td>nɗovu <em>(éléphant)</em> <span id="ndovuPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>fundi <em>(maître)</em> <span id="fundiPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndj, ndj</td> <td align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema <em>(bien)</em> <span id="ndjemaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ndz, ndz</td> <td align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia <em>(chemin)</em> <span id="ndziaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Ndzuani <em>(Anjouan)</em> <span id="NdzuaniPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ng, ng</td> <td align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja <em>(Grd-Comore)</em> <span id="ngazidjaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>mlango <em>(porte)</em> <span id="mlangoPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nts, nts</td> <td align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole <em>(grain de riz)</em> <span id="ntsoholePlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> <td>Farantsa <em>(France)</em> <span id="FarantsaPlayer" class="fa fa-volume-up" style="color: #3a6496; float: right; vertical-align: middle;"> </span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>Les symboles du comorien</h2> Voici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :<br /> Cl. classe<br /> Pl. Pluriel <br /> <span style="color: gray;">✧</span> shiMaore <em>(mahorais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #ffcc00;">✽</span> shiMwali <em>(mohélien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: red;">▲</span> shiNdzuani <em>(anjouanais)</em> <br /> <span style="color: #3a6496;">◼</span> shiNgazidja <em>(grd-comorien)</em> <br /> <span style="color: green;">●</span> standard <em>(uniforme)</em><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffc2c2;"> Formes verbales </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #ffb060;"> Context </span> <span style="background-color: #ffea00;"> Définition </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0ffc0;"> Exemples en comorien </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #c0e2ff;"> Exemple traduit en français </span><br /> Traduction en français </div>' $thumbnail = 'Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg' $description = 'Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le 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class="fas fa-circle"></i> ' $iconPlay = '<img src='/orelc/img/illustration/Les règles de lecture - Les digraphies.jpg' style='width:100%;border:1px solid silver;'\>' $textPlay = 'Visionner' $copiesURL = '/orelc/Users/login' $urlLesson = '/orelc/FrenchLessons/getLesson/4?number=' $tokensContent = array( (int) 0 => '<p><audio', (int) 1 => 'id="birika"> ', (int) 2 => '', (int) 3 => '<source', (int) 4 => 'src="../../../../audio/birika.m4a"', (int) 5 => 'type="audio/mpeg"', (int) 6 => '/> </audio>', (int) 7 => '<audio', (int) 8 => 'id="duli"> ', (int) 9 => '', (int) 10 => '<source', (int) 11 => 'src="../../../../audio/duli.m4a"', (int) 12 => 'type="audio/mpeg"', (int) 13 => '/> </audio>', (int) 14 => '<audio', (int) 15 => 'id="cai"> ', (int) 16 => '', (int) 17 => '<source', (int) 18 => 'src="../../../../audio/cai.m4a"', (int) 19 => 'type="audio/mpeg"', (int) 20 => '/> </audio>', (int) 21 => '<audio', (int) 22 => 'id="dhahabu"> ', (int) 23 => '', (int) 24 => '<source', (int) 25 => 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=> 'class="box"> <h2>L'orthographe', (int) 310 => 'officielle</h2> <h1', (int) 311 => 'class="infos_examples"', (int) 312 => 'style="text-align:', (int) 313 => 'center;', (int) 314 => 'font-weight:', (int) 315 => 'normal;', (int) 316 => 'color:', (int) 317 => 'gray;">L’orthographe', (int) 318 => 'officielle', (int) 319 => 'du', (int) 320 => 'shiKomori', (int) 321 => '(décret', (int) 322 => 'N°', (int) 323 => '09-135', (int) 324 => '/', (int) 325 => 'PR', (int) 326 => 'du', (int) 327 => '12', (int) 328 => 'décembre', (int) 329 => '2009)</h1> <h2', (int) 330 => 'style="text-align:', (int) 331 => 'left;">L'alphabet</h2> <table', (int) 332 => 'style="padding-left:', (int) 333 => '0px;', (int) 334 => ';', (int) 335 => 'padding-right:', (int) 336 => '0px;', (int) 337 => ';', (int) 338 => 'border:', (int) 339 => 'none;"', (int) 340 => 'width="100%"', (int) 341 => 'align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td', (int) 342 => 'style="border:', (int) 343 => 'none;">L'alphabet', (int) 344 => 'est', (int) 345 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397 => 'R,', (int) 398 => 'S,', (int) 399 => 'T,', (int) 400 => 'U,', (int) 401 => 'V,', (int) 402 => 'W,', (int) 403 => 'Y,', (int) 404 => 'et', (int) 405 => 'Z.<br', (int) 406 => '/>', (int) 407 => 'Les', (int) 408 => 'lettres', (int) 409 => 'Q', (int) 410 => 'et', (int) 411 => 'X', (int) 412 => 'ne', (int) 413 => 'sont', (int) 414 => 'pas', (int) 415 => 'utilisées</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2', (int) 416 => 'style="text-align:', (int) 417 => 'left;">Les', (int) 418 => 'voyelles</h2> <table', (int) 419 => 'style="padding-left:', (int) 420 => '0px;', (int) 421 => ';', (int) 422 => 'padding-right:', (int) 423 => '0px;', (int) 424 => ';', (int) 425 => 'border:', (int) 426 => 'none;"', (int) 427 => 'width="100%"', (int) 428 => 'align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td', (int) 429 => 'style="border:', (int) 430 => 'none;"><strong>1.</strong>', (int) 431 => 'Toutes', (int) 432 => 'les', (int) 433 => 'suites', (int) 434 => 'de', (int) 435 => 'voyelles', (int) 436 => 'doivent', (int) 437 => 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<h1><strong>Lettre</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 678 => 'align="center"', (int) 679 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Phonème</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 680 => 'align="center"', (int) 681 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Exemple</strong></h1> </td> <td', (int) 682 => 'align="center"', (int) 683 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Se', (int) 684 => 'prononce', (int) 685 => 'comme</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 686 => 'align="center">B,', (int) 687 => 'b</td> <td', (int) 688 => 'align="center">[b]</td> <td>bondzi', (int) 689 => '<em>(fil)</em>', (int) 690 => '<span', (int) 691 => 'id="bondziPlayer"', (int) 692 => 'class="fa', (int) 693 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 694 => 'style="color:', (int) 695 => '#3a6496;', (int) 696 => 'float:', (int) 697 => 'right;', (int) 698 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 699 => 'middle;">', (int) 700 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 701 => 'B', (int) 702 => 'explosif', (int) 703 => '(en', (int) 704 => 'expirant', (int) 705 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 706 => 'align="center">D,', (int) 707 => 'd</td> <td', (int) 708 => 'align="center">[d]</td> <td>dinyo', (int) 709 => '<em>(dent)</em>', (int) 710 => '<span', (int) 711 => 'id="dinyoPlayer"', (int) 712 => 'class="fa', (int) 713 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 714 => 'style="color:', (int) 715 => '#3a6496;', (int) 716 => 'float:', (int) 717 => 'right;', (int) 718 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 719 => 'middle;">', (int) 720 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 721 => 'D', (int) 722 => 'explosif', (int) 723 => '(en', (int) 724 => 'expirant', (int) 725 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 726 => 'align="center">Ɓ,', (int) 727 => 'ɓ</td> <td', (int) 728 => 'align="center">[ɓ]</td> <td>ɓirika', (int) 729 => '<em>(théière)</em>', (int) 730 => '<span', (int) 731 => 'id="birikaPlayer"', (int) 732 => 'class="fa', (int) 733 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 734 => 'style="color:', (int) 735 => '#3a6496;', (int) 736 => 'float:', (int) 737 => 'right;', (int) 738 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 739 => 'middle;">', (int) 740 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 741 => 'B', (int) 742 => 'implosif', (int) 743 => '(en', (int) 744 => 'inspirant', (int) 745 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 746 => 'align="center">Ɗ,', (int) 747 => 'ɗ</td> <td', (int) 748 => 'align="center">[ɗ]</td> <td>ɗuli', (int) 749 => '<em>(gencive)</em>', (int) 750 => '<span', (int) 751 => 'id="duliPlayer"', (int) 752 => 'class="fa', (int) 753 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 754 => 'style="color:', (int) 755 => '#3a6496;', (int) 756 => 'float:', (int) 757 => 'right;', (int) 758 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 759 => 'middle;">', (int) 760 => '</span></td> <td>un', (int) 761 => 'D', (int) 762 => 'implosif', (int) 763 => '(en', (int) 764 => 'inspirant', (int) 765 => 'l'air)</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 766 => 'align="center">C,', (int) 767 => 'c</td> <td', (int) 768 => 'align="center">[ʧ]</td> <td>cai', (int) 769 => '<em>(thé)</em>', (int) 770 => '<span', (int) 771 => 'id="caiPlayer"', (int) 772 => 'class="fa', (int) 773 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 774 => 'style="color:', (int) 775 => '#3a6496;', (int) 776 => 'float:', (int) 777 => 'right;', (int) 778 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 779 => 'middle;">', (int) 780 => '</span></td> <td>caoutchouc</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 781 => 'colspan="5"', (int) 782 => 'align="center"', (int) 783 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les', (int) 784 => 'Digraphies</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 785 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 786 => 'style="color:', (int) 787 => 'black;', (int) 788 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 789 => 'none;">Dh,', (int) 790 => 'dh</a></td> <td', (int) 791 => 'align="center">[ð]</td> <td>dhahaɓu', (int) 792 => '<em>(or)</em>', (int) 793 => '<span', (int) 794 => 'id="dhahabuPlayer"', (int) 795 => 'class="fa', (int) 796 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 797 => 'style="color:', (int) 798 => '#3a6496;', (int) 799 => 'float:', (int) 800 => 'right;', (int) 801 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 802 => 'middle;">', (int) 803 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 804 => 'anglais', (int) 805 => ':', (int) 806 => 'this</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 807 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 808 => 'style="color:', (int) 809 => 'black;', (int) 810 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 811 => 'none;">Dj,', (int) 812 => 'dj</a></td> <td', (int) 813 => 'align="center">[ʤ]</td> <td>djini', (int) 814 => '<em>(djinn)</em>', (int) 815 => '<span', (int) 816 => 'id="djiniPlayer"', (int) 817 => 'class="fa', (int) 818 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 819 => 'style="color:', (int) 820 => '#3a6496;', (int) 821 => 'float:', (int) 822 => 'right;', (int) 823 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 824 => 'middle;">', (int) 825 => '</span></td> <td>Djibouti</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 826 => 'align="center"><a', (int) 827 => 'style="color:', (int) 828 => 'black;', (int) 829 => 'text-decoration:', (int) 830 => 'none;">Dr,', (int) 831 => 'dr</a></td> <td', (int) 832 => 'align="center">[dr]</td> <td>-draru', (int) 833 => '<em>(trois)</em>', (int) 834 => '<span', (int) 835 => 'id="ndraruPlayer"', (int) 836 => 'class="fa', (int) 837 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 838 => 'style="color:', (int) 839 => '#3a6496;', (int) 840 => 'float:', (int) 841 => 'right;', (int) 842 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 843 => 'middle;">', (int) 844 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 845 => 'anglais', (int) 846 => ':', (int) 847 => 'dream,', (int) 848 => 'r', (int) 849 => 'très', (int) 850 => 'faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 851 => 'align="center">Dz,', (int) 852 => 'dz</td> <td', (int) 853 => 'align="center">[ʣ]</td> <td>dzitso', (int) 854 => '<em>(œil)</em>', (int) 855 => '<span', (int) 856 => 'id="dzitsoPlayer"', (int) 857 => 'class="fa', (int) 858 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 859 => 'style="color:', (int) 860 => '#3a6496;', (int) 861 => 'float:', (int) 862 => 'right;', (int) 863 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 864 => 'middle;">', (int) 865 => '</span></td> <td>Dzaudzi', (int) 866 => '<span', (int) 867 => 'id="DzaudziPlayer"', (int) 868 => 'class="fa', (int) 869 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 870 => 'style="color:', (int) 871 => '#3a6496;', (int) 872 => 'float:', (int) 873 => 'right;', (int) 874 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 875 => 'middle;">', (int) 876 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 877 => 'align="center">Gh,', (int) 878 => 'gh</td> <td', (int) 879 => 'align="center">[ɣ]</td> <td>maghrib', (int) 880 => '<em>(prière', (int) 881 => 'du', (int) 882 => 'coucher', (int) 883 => 'du', (int) 884 => 'soleil)</em>', (int) 885 => '<span', (int) 886 => 'id="maghribPlayer"', (int) 887 => 'class="fa', (int) 888 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 889 => 'style="color:', (int) 890 => '#3a6496;', (int) 891 => 'float:', (int) 892 => 'right;', (int) 893 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 894 => 'middle;">', (int) 895 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 896 => 'français', (int) 897 => ':', (int) 898 => 'rare</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 899 => 'align="center">Ny,', (int) 900 => 'ny</td> <td', (int) 901 => 'align="center">[ɲ]</td> <td>nyama', (int) 902 => '<em>(viande)</em>', (int) 903 => '<span', (int) 904 => 'id="nyamaPlayer"', (int) 905 => 'class="fa', (int) 906 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 907 => 'style="color:', (int) 908 => '#3a6496;', (int) 909 => 'float:', (int) 910 => 'right;', (int) 911 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 912 => 'middle;">', (int) 913 => '</span></td> <td>pagne</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 914 => 'align="center">Sh,', (int) 915 => 'sh</td> <td', (int) 916 => 'align="center">[ʃ]</td> <td>shiyo', (int) 917 => '<em>(livre)</em>', (int) 918 => '<span', (int) 919 => 'id="shiyoPlayer"', (int) 920 => 'class="fa', (int) 921 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 922 => 'style="color:', (int) 923 => '#3a6496;', (int) 924 => 'float:', (int) 925 => 'right;', (int) 926 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 927 => 'middle;">', (int) 928 => '</span></td> <td>chat</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 929 => 'align="center">Pv,', (int) 930 => 'pv</td> <td', (int) 931 => 'align="center">[ß]</td> <td>mapvaha', (int) 932 => '<em>(des', (int) 933 => 'chats)</em>', (int) 934 => '<span', (int) 935 => 'id="mapvahaPlayer"', (int) 936 => 'class="fa', (int) 937 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 938 => 'style="color:', (int) 939 => '#3a6496;', (int) 940 => 'float:', (int) 941 => 'right;', (int) 942 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 943 => 'middle;">', (int) 944 => '</span></td> <td>entre', (int) 945 => '"v"', (int) 946 => 'et', (int) 947 => '"b",', (int) 948 => 'en', (int) 949 => 'espagnol', (int) 950 => ':', (int) 951 => 'saber</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 952 => 'align="center">Th,', (int) 953 => 'th</td> <td', (int) 954 => 'align="center">[Ɵ]</td> <td>thalathini', (int) 955 => '<em>(trente)</em>', (int) 956 => '<span', (int) 957 => 'id="thalathiniPlayer"', (int) 958 => 'class="fa', (int) 959 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 960 => 'style="color:', (int) 961 => '#3a6496;', (int) 962 => 'float:', (int) 963 => 'right;', (int) 964 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 965 => 'middle;">', (int) 966 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 967 => 'anglais', (int) 968 => ':', (int) 969 => 'thank', (int) 970 => 'you</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 971 => 'align="center">Tr,', (int) 972 => 'tr</td> <td', (int) 973 => 'align="center">[tr]</td> <td>trama', (int) 974 => '<em>(maïs)</em>', (int) 975 => '<span', (int) 976 => 'id="tramaPlayer"', (int) 977 => 'class="fa', (int) 978 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 979 => 'style="color:', (int) 980 => '#3a6496;', (int) 981 => 'float:', (int) 982 => 'right;', (int) 983 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 984 => 'middle;">', (int) 985 => '</span></td> <td>en', (int) 986 => 'anglais', (int) 987 => ':', (int) 988 => 'tree,', (int) 989 => 'r', (int) 990 => 'très', (int) 991 => 'faible</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 992 => 'align="center">Ts,', (int) 993 => 'ts</td> <td', (int) 994 => 'align="center">[ʦ]</td> <td>ntsano', (int) 995 => '<em>(cinq)</em>', (int) 996 => '<span', (int) 997 => 'id="ntsanoPlayer"', (int) 998 => 'class="fa', (int) 999 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1000 => 'style="color:', (int) 1001 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1002 => 'float:', (int) 1003 => 'right;', (int) 1004 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1005 => 'middle;">', (int) 1006 => '</span></td> <td>mouche', (int) 1007 => 'tsé-tsé</td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1008 => 'colspan="5"', (int) 1009 => 'align="center"', (int) 1010 => 'bgcolor=""> <h1><strong>Les', (int) 1011 => 'consonnes', (int) 1012 => 'pré-nasalisées', (int) 1013 => '(bilabiales)</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1014 => 'align="center">Mɓ,', (int) 1015 => 'Mb</td> <td', (int) 1016 => 'align="center">[m~ɓ]', (int) 1017 => ',', (int) 1018 => '[mb]</td> <td>mɓe', (int) 1019 => '<em>(vache)</em>', (int) 1020 => '<span', (int) 1021 => 'id="mbePlayer"', (int) 1022 => 'class="fa', (int) 1023 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1024 => 'style="color:', (int) 1025 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1026 => 'float:', (int) 1027 => 'right;', (int) 1028 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1029 => 'middle;">', (int) 1030 => '</span></td> <td>mbeli', (int) 1031 => '<em>(devant)</em>', (int) 1032 => '<span', (int) 1033 => 'id="mbeliPlayer"', (int) 1034 => 'class="fa', (int) 1035 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1036 => 'style="color:', (int) 1037 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1038 => 'float:', (int) 1039 => 'right;', (int) 1040 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1041 => 'middle;">', (int) 1042 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1043 => 'align="center">Mp,', (int) 1044 => 'mp</td> <td', (int) 1045 => 'align="center">[m~]</td> <td>mpira', (int) 1046 => '<em>(ballon)</em>', (int) 1047 => '<span', (int) 1048 => 'id="mpiraPlayer"', (int) 1049 => 'class="fa', (int) 1050 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1051 => 'style="color:', (int) 1052 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1053 => 'float:', (int) 1054 => 'right;', (int) 1055 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1056 => 'middle;">', (int) 1057 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1058 => 'align="center">Nɗ,', (int) 1059 => 'Nd</td> <td', (int) 1060 => 'align="center">[n~ɗ],', (int) 1061 => '[nd]</td> <td>nɗovu', (int) 1062 => '<em>(éléphant)</em>', (int) 1063 => '<span', (int) 1064 => 'id="ndovuPlayer"', (int) 1065 => 'class="fa', (int) 1066 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1067 => 'style="color:', (int) 1068 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1069 => 'float:', (int) 1070 => 'right;', (int) 1071 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1072 => 'middle;">', (int) 1073 => '</span></td> <td>fundi', (int) 1074 => '<em>(maître)</em>', (int) 1075 => '<span', (int) 1076 => 'id="fundiPlayer"', (int) 1077 => 'class="fa', (int) 1078 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1079 => 'style="color:', (int) 1080 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1081 => 'float:', (int) 1082 => 'right;', (int) 1083 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1084 => 'middle;">', (int) 1085 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1086 => 'align="center">Ndj,', (int) 1087 => 'ndj</td> <td', (int) 1088 => 'align="center">[n~ʤ]</td> <td>ndjema', (int) 1089 => '<em>(bien)</em>', (int) 1090 => '<span', (int) 1091 => 'id="ndjemaPlayer"', (int) 1092 => 'class="fa', (int) 1093 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1094 => 'style="color:', (int) 1095 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1096 => 'float:', (int) 1097 => 'right;', (int) 1098 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1099 => 'middle;">', (int) 1100 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1101 => 'align="center">Ndz,', (int) 1102 => 'ndz</td> <td', (int) 1103 => 'align="center">[n~ʣ]</td> <td>ndzia', (int) 1104 => '<em>(chemin)</em>', (int) 1105 => '<span', (int) 1106 => 'id="ndziaPlayer"', (int) 1107 => 'class="fa', (int) 1108 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1109 => 'style="color:', (int) 1110 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1111 => 'float:', (int) 1112 => 'right;', (int) 1113 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1114 => 'middle;">', (int) 1115 => '</span></td> <td>Ndzuani', (int) 1116 => '<em>(Anjouan)</em>', (int) 1117 => '<span', (int) 1118 => 'id="NdzuaniPlayer"', (int) 1119 => 'class="fa', (int) 1120 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1121 => 'style="color:', (int) 1122 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1123 => 'float:', (int) 1124 => 'right;', (int) 1125 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1126 => 'middle;">', (int) 1127 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1128 => 'align="center">Ng,', (int) 1129 => 'ng</td> <td', (int) 1130 => 'align="center">[n~]</td> <td>Ngazidja', (int) 1131 => '<em>(Grd-Comore)</em>', (int) 1132 => '<span', (int) 1133 => 'id="ngazidjaPlayer"', (int) 1134 => 'class="fa', (int) 1135 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1136 => 'style="color:', (int) 1137 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1138 => 'float:', (int) 1139 => 'right;', (int) 1140 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1141 => 'middle;">', (int) 1142 => '</span></td> <td>mlango', (int) 1143 => '<em>(porte)</em>', (int) 1144 => '<span', (int) 1145 => 'id="mlangoPlayer"', (int) 1146 => 'class="fa', (int) 1147 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1148 => 'style="color:', (int) 1149 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1150 => 'float:', (int) 1151 => 'right;', (int) 1152 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1153 => 'middle;">', (int) 1154 => '</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td', (int) 1155 => 'align="center">Nts,', (int) 1156 => 'nts</td> <td', (int) 1157 => 'align="center">[n~ʦ]</td> <td>ntsohole', (int) 1158 => '<em>(grain', (int) 1159 => 'de', (int) 1160 => 'riz)</em>', (int) 1161 => '<span', (int) 1162 => 'id="ntsoholePlayer"', (int) 1163 => 'class="fa', (int) 1164 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1165 => 'style="color:', (int) 1166 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1167 => 'float:', (int) 1168 => 'right;', (int) 1169 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1170 => 'middle;">', (int) 1171 => '</span></td> <td>Farantsa', (int) 1172 => '<em>(France)</em>', (int) 1173 => '<span', (int) 1174 => 'id="FarantsaPlayer"', (int) 1175 => 'class="fa', (int) 1176 => 'fa-volume-up"', (int) 1177 => 'style="color:', (int) 1178 => '#3a6496;', (int) 1179 => 'float:', (int) 1180 => 'right;', (int) 1181 => 'vertical-align:', (int) 1182 => 'middle;">', (int) 1183 => '</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div', (int) 1184 => 'class="box"> <h2>Les', (int) 1185 => 'symboles', (int) 1186 => 'du', (int) 1187 => 'comorien</h2> Voici', (int) 1188 => 'les', (int) 1189 => 'principales', (int) 1190 => 'abréviations', (int) 1191 => 'et', (int) 1192 => 'symboles', (int) 1193 => 'utiles', (int) 1194 => ':<br', (int) 1195 => '/>', (int) 1196 => 'Cl.', (int) 1197 => 'classe<br', (int) 1198 => '/>', (int) 1199 => 'Pl.', (int) 1200 => 'Pluriel', (int) 1201 => '<br', (int) 1202 => '/>', (int) 1203 => '<span', (int) 1204 => 'style="color:', (int) 1205 => 'gray;">✧</span>', (int) 1206 => 'shiMaore', (int) 1207 => '<em>(mahorais)</em>', (int) 1208 => '<br', (int) 1209 => '/>', (int) 1210 => '<span', (int) 1211 => 'style="color:', (int) 1212 => '#ffcc00;">✽</span>', (int) 1213 => 'shiMwali', (int) 1214 => '<em>(mohélien)</em>', (int) 1215 => '<br', (int) 1216 => '/>', (int) 1217 => '<span', (int) 1218 => 'style="color:', (int) 1219 => 'red;">▲</span>', (int) 1220 => 'shiNdzuani', (int) 1221 => '<em>(anjouanais)</em>', (int) 1222 => '<br', (int) 1223 => '/>', (int) 1224 => '<span', (int) 1225 => 'style="color:', (int) 1226 => '#3a6496;">◼</span>', (int) 1227 => 'shiNgazidja', (int) 1228 => '<em>(grd-comorien)</em>', (int) 1229 => '<br', (int) 1230 => '/>', (int) 1231 => '<span', (int) 1232 => 'style="color:', (int) 1233 => 'green;">●</span>', (int) 1234 => 'standard', (int) 1235 => '<em>(uniforme)</em><br', (int) 1236 => '/>', (int) 1237 => '<span', (int) 1238 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1239 => '#ffc2c2;"> Formes', (int) 1240 => 'verbales </span><br', (int) 1241 => '/>', (int) 1242 => '<span', (int) 1243 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1244 => '#ffb060;"> Context </span>', (int) 1245 => '<span', (int) 1246 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1247 => '#ffea00;"> Définition </span><br', (int) 1248 => '/>', (int) 1249 => '<span', (int) 1250 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1251 => '#c0ffc0;"> Exemples', (int) 1252 => 'en', (int) 1253 => 'comorien </span><br', (int) 1254 => '/>', (int) 1255 => '<span', (int) 1256 => 'style="background-color:', (int) 1257 => '#c0e2ff;"> Exemple', (int) 1258 => 'traduit', (int) 1259 => 'en', (int) 1260 => 'français </span><br', (int) 1261 => '/>', (int) 1262 => 'Traduction', (int) 1263 => 'en', (int) 1264 => 'français </div>' ) $classBtn = 'btn-primary' $destopColumnSize = (int) 8 $mobileColumnSize = (int) 9
include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/head_viewer.php, line 138 include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/lesson_viewer.php, line 45 include - APP/View/FrenchLessons/get_lesson.ctp, line 1 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 107
Objectif: Connaître les principales règles de lecture/écriture, nécessaires pour poursuivre les leçons, ou contribuer à l'ajout de mots dans le dictionnaire ou à l'édition d'article.
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Les règles de lectureToutes les règles de lecture présentées ci-après sont issues de l'orthographe officielle du shiKomori. Dans nos espaces vous n'allez pas seulement apprendre à parler comorien, mais aussi à le lire et l'écrire. Il est donc important d'adopter ces règles, afin qu'ensemble nous puissions produire des ressources textuelles et logicielles qui se base sur un même standard orthographique.Bonne apprentissage. L'orthographe officielleL’orthographe officielle du shiKomori (décret N° 09-135 / PR du 12 décembre 2009)L'alphabet
Les voyelles
Les consonnes
Les consonnes prononcées différemment
Les symboles du comorienVoici les principales abréviations et symboles utiles :Cl. classe Pl. Pluriel ✧ shiMaore (mahorais) ✽ shiMwali (mohélien) ▲ shiNdzuani (anjouanais) ◼ shiNgazidja (grd-comorien) ● standard (uniforme) Formes verbales Context Définition Exemples en comorien Exemple traduit en français Traduction en français |
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